mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CLOCs: Camera-LiDAR Object Candidates Fusion for 3D Object Detection

arXiv 2009.00784 ↗First posted 2 Sep 2020cs.CVcited by 147

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Abstract (arXiv)

There have been significant advances in neural networks for both 3D object detection using LiDAR and 2D object detection using video. However, it has been surprisingly difficult to train networks to effectively use both modalities in a way that demonstrates gain over single-modality networks. In this paper, we propose a novel Camera-LiDAR Object Candidates (CLOCs) fusion network. CLOCs fusion provides a low-complexity multi-modal fusion framework that significantly improves the performance of single-modality detectors. CLOCs operates on the combined output candidates before Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) of any 2D and any 3D detector, and is trained to leverage their geometric and semantic consistencies to produce more accurate final 3D and 2D detection results. Our experimental evaluation on the challenging KITTI object detection benchmark, including 3D and bird's eye view metrics, shows significant improvements, especially at long distance, over the state-of-the-art fusion based methods. At time of submission, CLOCs ranks the highest among all the fusion-based methods in the official KITTI leaderboard. We will release our code upon acceptance.

Key facts. Cited by 147 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 Sep 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 23; 2022: 36; 2023: 34; 2024: 30; 2025: 17; 2026: 7.

147 papers.

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  1. 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 477
  2. 2022BEVFusion: A Simple and Robust LiDAR-Camera Fusion Frameworkcited by 334
  3. 2021Voxel Transformer for 3D Object Detectioncited by 247
  4. 2021PV-RCNN++: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction With Local Vector Representation for 3D Object Detectioncited by 232
  5. 2021Multimodal Virtual Point 3D Detectioncited by 166
  6. 2022Focal Sparse Convolutional Networks for 3D Object Detectioncited by 142
  7. 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
  8. 2021LiDAR R-CNN: An Efficient and Universal 3D Object Detectorcited by 129
  9. 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
  10. 2021SE-SSD: Self-Ensembling Single-Stage Object Detector From Point Cloudcited by 119
  11. 2021Improving 3D Object Detection with Channel-wise Transformercited by 108
  12. 20213D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 106
38 more
  1. 2022Voxel Set Transformer: A Set-to-Set Approach to 3D Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 102
  2. 2021SPG: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for 3D Object Detection via Semantic Point Generationcited by 93
  3. 2021FusionPainting: Multimodal Fusion with Adaptive Attention for 3D Object Detectioncited by 92
  4. 2022Sparse Fuse Dense: Towards High Quality 3D Detection with Depth Completioncited by 82
  5. 2023CRN: Camera Radar Net for Accurate, Robust, Efficient 3D Perceptioncited by 81
  6. 2023LoGoNet: Towards Accurate 3D Object Detection with Local-to-Global Cross-Modal Fusioncited by 80
  7. 2021Pyramid R-CNN: Towards Better Performance and Adaptability for 3D Object Detectioncited by 79
  8. 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Surveycited by 73
  9. 2022AutoAlign: Pixel-Instance Feature Aggregation for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 70
  10. 2022SafeBench: A Benchmarking Platform for Safety Evaluation of Autonomous Vehiclescited by 65
  11. 2021Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving: a Surveycited by 63
  12. 2021Behind the Curtain: Learning Occluded Shapes for 3D Object Detectioncited by 58
  13. 2021EPNet++: Cascade Bi-directional Fusion for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 49
  14. 2022Benchmarking the Robustness of LiDAR-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 49
  15. 2021VPFNet: Improving 3D Object Detection with Virtual Point based LiDAR and Stereo Data Fusioncited by 48
  16. 2022Cross-Modality Knowledge Distillation Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 48
  17. 2022AutoAlignV2: Deformable Feature Aggregation for Dynamic Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 46
  18. 2022Bridging the View Disparity Between Radar and Camera Features for Multi-modal Fusion 3D Object Detectioncited by 46
  19. 2021Lidar Light Scattering Augmentation (LISA): Physics-based Simulation of Adverse Weather Conditions for 3D Object Detectioncited by 42
  20. 2022Graph R-CNN: Towards Accurate 3D Object Detection with Semantic-Decorated Local Graphcited by 42
  21. 2023VL-SAT: Visual-Linguistic Semantics Assisted Training for 3D Semantic Scene Graph Prediction in Point Cloudcited by 42
  22. 2022Towards Long-Tailed 3D Detectioncited by 40
  23. 2021LIF-Seg: LiDAR and Camera Image Fusion for 3D LiDAR Semantic Segmentationcited by 34
  24. 2022CAT-Det: Contrastively Augmented Transformer for Multi-modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 32
  25. 2022HRFuser: A Multi-resolution Sensor Fusion Architecture for 2D Object Detectioncited by 30
  26. 2023Fully Sparse Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 29
  27. 2024Vision-based 3D occupancy prediction in autonomous driving: a review and outlookcited by 29
  28. 2024CRKD: Enhanced Camera-Radar Object Detection with Cross-modality Knowledge Distillationcited by 27
  29. 2022Homogeneous Multi-modal Feature Fusion and Interaction for 3D Object Detectioncited by 26
  30. 2024Multi-Sensor Object Anomaly Detection: Unifying Appearance, Geometry, and Internal Propertiescited by 26
  31. 2022GLENet: Boosting 3D Object Detectors with Generative Label Uncertainty Estimationcited by 24
  32. 2022OPA-3D: Occlusion-Aware Pixel-Wise Aggregation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
  33. 2022Boosting 3D Object Detection by Simulating Multimodality on Point Cloudscited by 22
  34. 2023Object Detection with Transformers: A Reviewcited by 22
  35. 2025SuperPC: A Single Diffusion Model for Point Cloud Completion, Upsampling, Denoising, and Colorizationcited by 20
  36. 2024DifFUSER: Diffusion Model for Robust Multi-Sensor Fusion in 3D Object Detection and BEV Segmentationcited by 18
  37. 2022Dense Voxel Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 17
  38. 2024MultiCorrupt: A Multi-Modal Robustness Dataset and Benchmark of LiDAR-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 17

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