Unleashing HyDRa: Hybrid Fusion, Depth Consistency and Radar for Unified 3D Perception
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Abstract (arXiv)
Low-cost, vision-centric 3D perception systems for autonomous driving have made significant progress in recent years, narrowing the gap to expensive LiDAR-based methods. The primary challenge in becoming a fully reliable alternative lies in robust depth prediction capabilities, as camera-based systems struggle with long detection ranges and adverse lighting and weather conditions. In this work, we introduce HyDRa, a novel camera-radar fusion architecture for diverse 3D perception tasks. Building upon the principles of dense BEV (Bird's Eye View)-based architectures, HyDRa introduces a hybrid fusion approach to combine the strengths of complementary camera and radar features in two distinct representation spaces. Our Height Association Transformer module leverages radar features already in the perspective view to produce more robust and accurate depth predictions. In the BEV, we refine the initial sparse representation by a Radar-weighted Depth Consistency. HyDRa achieves a new state-of-the-art for camera-radar fusion of 64.2 NDS (+1.8) and 58.4 AMOTA (+1.5) on the public nuScenes dataset. Moreover, our new semantically rich and spatially accurate BEV features can be directly converted into a powerful occupancy representation, beating all previous camera-based methods on the Occ3D benchmark by an impressive 3.7 mIoU. Code and models are available at https://github.com/phi-wol/hydra.
Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 76 of its 90 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Mar 2024.
Builds on
76 of 90 references.
References · 76
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- 2020Lift, Splat, Shoot: Encoding Images From Arbitrary Camera Rigs by Implicitly Unprojecting to 3Dcited by 1,040
- 2022BEVFusion: Multi-Task Multi-Sensor Fusion with Unified Bird's-Eye View Representationcited by 844
- 2021BEVDet: High-performance Multi-camera 3D Object Detection in Bird-Eye-Viewcited by 711
- 2021DETR3D: 3D Object Detection from Multi-view Images via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 655
- 2022BEVDepth: Acquisition of Reliable Depth for Multi-view 3D Object Detectioncited by 568
- 2022PETR: Position Embedding Transformation for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 550
- 2022DN-DETR: Accelerate DETR Training by Introducing Query DeNoisingcited by 486
- 2019PointPainting: Sequential Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 449
- 2021FCOS3D: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 444
- 2023Tri-Perspective View for Vision-Based 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 404
- 2021MonoScene: Monocular 3D Semantic Scene Completioncited by 357
- 2022PETRv2: A Unified Framework for 3D Perception from Multi-Camera Imagescited by 351
- 2019Class-balanced Grouping and Sampling for Point Cloud 3D Object Detectioncited by 350
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- 2022BEVFusion: A Simple and Robust LiDAR-Camera Fusion Frameworkcited by 334
- 2021Categorical Depth Distribution Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 326
- 2023Occ3D: A Large-Scale 3D Occupancy Prediction Benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 325
- 2023Exploring Object-Centric Temporal Modeling for Efficient Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 313
- 2022BEVFormer v2: Adapting Modern Image Backbones to Bird's-Eye-View Recognition via Perspective Supervisioncited by 302
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- 2021Probabilistic and Geometric Depth: Detecting Objects in Perspectivecited by 190
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- 2019An Energy and GPU-Computation Efficient Backbone Network for Real-Time Object Detectioncited by 163
- 2023FB-OCC: 3D Occupancy Prediction based on Forward-Backward View Transformationcited by 162
- 2020CenterFusion: Center-based Radar and Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 159
- 2023SparseBEV: High-Performance Sparse 3D Object Detection from Multi-Camera Videoscited by 149
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50 most cited of 76 All 76 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 9; 2025: 14; 2026: 12.
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- 2024A Survey on Occupancy Perception for Autonomous Driving: The Information Fusion Perspectivecited by 37
- 2025Multimodal Fusion and Vision-Language Models: A Survey for Robot Visioncited by 37
- 2024Lifting Multi-View Detection and Tracking to the Bird's Eye Viewcited by 25
- 2024ALOcc: Adaptive Lifting-Based 3D Semantic Occupancy and Cost Volume-Based Flow Predictionscited by 19
- 2024RaCFormer: Towards High-Quality 3D Object Detection via Query-based Radar-Camera Fusioncited by 19
- 2024DAOcc: 3D Object Detection Assisted Multi-Sensor Fusion for 3D Occupancy Predictioncited by 15
- 2025GaussianFormer3D: Multi-Modal Gaussian-based Semantic Occupancy Prediction with 3D Deformable Attentioncited by 14
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
- 2025RICCARDO: Radar Hit Prediction and Convolution for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
- 2024SpaRC: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 8
- 2025OmniVLA: Physically-Grounded Multimodal VLA with Unified Multi-Sensor Perception for Robotic Manipulationcited by 7
- 2025OccCylindrical: Multi-Modal Fusion with Cylindrical Representation for 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 5
23 more
- 2025Integrating Multi-Modal Sensors: A Review of Fusion Techniques for Intelligent Vehiclescited by 3
- 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Based Radar and Vision Fusion for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 20243D Multi-Object Tracking Employing MS-GLMB Filter for Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2025RQR3D: Reparametrizing the regression targets for BEV-based 3D object detectioncited by 2
- 2025SFGFusion: Surface Fitting Guided 3D Object Detection with 4D Radar and Camera Fusioncited by 2
- 2025SpaRC-AD: A Baseline for Radar-Camera Fusion in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2025M^3Detection: Multi-Frame Multi-Level Feature Fusion for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection with Camera and 4D Imaging Radarcited by 1
- 2025REOcc: Camera-Radar Fusion with Radar Feature Enrichment for 3D Occupancy Predictioncited by 1
- 20264DRC-OCC: Robust Semantic Occupancy Prediction Through Fusion of 4D Radar and Cameracited by 1
- 2026Radar-Informed 3D Multi-Object Tracking under Adverse Conditionscited by 1
- 2026MuseVLA: An Adaptive Multimodal Sensing Vision-Language-Action Model for Robotic Manipulationcited by 1
- 2025Revisiting Radar Camera Alignment by Contrastive Learning for 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2025RCDINO: Enhancing Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection with DINOv2 Semantic Featurescited by 0
- 2025IMKD: Intensity-Aware Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation for Camera-Radar Fusioncited by 0
- 2026Radar-Camera BEV Multi-Task Learning with Cross-Task Attention Bridge for Joint 3D Detection and Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026Control Your Queries: Heterogeneous Query Interaction for Camera-Radar Fusioncited by 0
- 2026Height-Guided Projection Reparameterization for Camera-LiDAR Occupancycited by 0
- 2026RCGDet3D: Rethinking 4D Radar-Camera Fusion-based 3D Object Detection with Enhanced Radar Feature Encodingcited by 0
- 2026GraphBEV++: Multi-Modal Feature Alignment for Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026Horizon3D: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for Long-Range 3D Perception in Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026FDR-Occ: Factorized Dense Routing for Full-Spectrum 3D Occupancy Predictioncited by 0
- 2026RLG-TPV: Radar- and LiDAR-Guided Tri-Perspective View Fusion for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026SGDet3D++: Geometry-Grounded Semantics for 4D Radar and Camera 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026SGDet3D++: Geometry-Grounded Semantics for 4D Radar and Camera 3D Object Detection23 Sep 2026
- 2026RLG-TPV: Radar- and LiDAR-Guided Tri-Perspective View Fusion for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detection29 Aug 2026
- 2026FDR-Occ: Factorized Dense Routing for Full-Spectrum 3D Occupancy Prediction4 Jul 2026
- 2026Horizon3D: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for Long-Range 3D Perception in Autonomous Driving30 Jun 2026
- 2026MuseVLA: An Adaptive Multimodal Sensing Vision-Language-Action Model for Robotic Manipulation16 Jun 2026
- 2026GraphBEV++: Multi-Modal Feature Alignment for Autonomous Driving15 Jun 2026
- 2026RCGDet3D: Rethinking 4D Radar-Camera Fusion-based 3D Object Detection with Enhanced Radar Feature Encoding20 May 2026
- 2026Height-Guided Projection Reparameterization for Camera-LiDAR Occupancy6 May 2026
- 2026Control Your Queries: Heterogeneous Query Interaction for Camera-Radar Fusion28 Apr 2026
- 2026Radar-Informed 3D Multi-Object Tracking under Adverse Conditions15 Apr 2026
- 2026Radar-Camera BEV Multi-Task Learning with Cross-Task Attention Bridge for Joint 3D Detection and Segmentation14 Apr 2026
- 20264DRC-OCC: Robust Semantic Occupancy Prediction Through Fusion of 4D Radar and Camera8 Mar 2026
23 more
- 2025IMKD: Intensity-Aware Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation for Camera-Radar Fusion17 Dec 2025
- 2025REOcc: Camera-Radar Fusion with Radar Feature Enrichment for 3D Occupancy Prediction10 Nov 2025
- 2025OmniVLA: Physically-Grounded Multimodal VLA with Unified Multi-Sensor Perception for Robotic Manipulation3 Nov 2025
- 2025M^3Detection: Multi-Frame Multi-Level Feature Fusion for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection with Camera and 4D Imaging Radar31 Oct 2025
- 2025SFGFusion: Surface Fitting Guided 3D Object Detection with 4D Radar and Camera Fusion22 Oct 2025
- 2025RCDINO: Enhancing Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection with DINOv2 Semantic Features21 Aug 2025
- 2025SpaRC-AD: A Baseline for Radar-Camera Fusion in End-to-End Autonomous Driving14 Aug 2025
- 2025Integrating Multi-Modal Sensors: A Review of Fusion Techniques for Intelligent Vehicles27 Jun 2025
- 2025RQR3D: Reparametrizing the regression targets for BEV-based 3D object detection23 May 2025
- 2025GaussianFormer3D: Multi-Modal Gaussian-based Semantic Occupancy Prediction with 3D Deformable Attention15 May 2025
- 2025OccCylindrical: Multi-Modal Fusion with Cylindrical Representation for 3D Semantic Occupancy Prediction6 May 2025
- 2025Revisiting Radar Camera Alignment by Contrastive Learning for 3D Object Detection23 Apr 2025
- 2025RICCARDO: Radar Hit Prediction and Convolution for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detection12 Apr 2025
- 2025Multimodal Fusion and Vision-Language Models: A Survey for Robot Vision3 Apr 2025
- 2024RaCFormer: Towards High-Quality 3D Object Detection via Query-based Radar-Camera Fusion17 Dec 2024
- 2024SpaRC: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detection29 Nov 2024
- 2024ALOcc: Adaptive Lifting-Based 3D Semantic Occupancy and Cost Volume-Based Flow Predictions12 Nov 2024
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey24 Oct 2024
- 20243D Multi-Object Tracking Employing MS-GLMB Filter for Autonomous Driving19 Oct 2024
- 2024DAOcc: 3D Object Detection Assisted Multi-Sensor Fusion for 3D Occupancy Prediction30 Sep 2024
- 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Based Radar and Vision Fusion for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving2 Jun 2024
- 2024A Survey on Occupancy Perception for Autonomous Driving: The Information Fusion Perspective8 May 2024
- 2024Lifting Multi-View Detection and Tracking to the Bird's Eye View19 Mar 2024
- 2024A Survey on Occupancy Perception for Autonomous Driving: The Information Fusion Perspectivecited by 37
- 2024Lifting Multi-View Detection and Tracking to the Bird's Eye Viewcited by 25
- 2024ALOcc: Adaptive Lifting-Based 3D Semantic Occupancy and Cost Volume-Based Flow Predictionscited by 19
- 2024RaCFormer: Towards High-Quality 3D Object Detection via Query-based Radar-Camera Fusioncited by 19
- 2024DAOcc: 3D Object Detection Assisted Multi-Sensor Fusion for 3D Occupancy Predictioncited by 15
- 2025GaussianFormer3D: Multi-Modal Gaussian-based Semantic Occupancy Prediction with 3D Deformable Attentioncited by 14
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
- 2025RICCARDO: Radar Hit Prediction and Convolution for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
- 2024SpaRC: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 8
- 2025OccCylindrical: Multi-Modal Fusion with Cylindrical Representation for 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 5
- 2025Integrating Multi-Modal Sensors: A Review of Fusion Techniques for Intelligent Vehiclescited by 3
- 20243D Multi-Object Tracking Employing MS-GLMB Filter for Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
12 most cited of 29 All 29 (JSON)
- 2026SGDet3D++: Geometry-Grounded Semantics for 4D Radar and Camera 3D Object Detection23 Sep 2026
- 2026RLG-TPV: Radar- and LiDAR-Guided Tri-Perspective View Fusion for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detection29 Aug 2026
- 2026FDR-Occ: Factorized Dense Routing for Full-Spectrum 3D Occupancy Prediction4 Jul 2026
- 2026Horizon3D: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for Long-Range 3D Perception in Autonomous Driving30 Jun 2026
- 2026RCGDet3D: Rethinking 4D Radar-Camera Fusion-based 3D Object Detection with Enhanced Radar Feature Encoding20 May 2026
- 2026Height-Guided Projection Reparameterization for Camera-LiDAR Occupancy6 May 2026
- 2026Control Your Queries: Heterogeneous Query Interaction for Camera-Radar Fusion28 Apr 2026
- 2026Radar-Informed 3D Multi-Object Tracking under Adverse Conditions15 Apr 2026
- 2026Radar-Camera BEV Multi-Task Learning with Cross-Task Attention Bridge for Joint 3D Detection and Segmentation14 Apr 2026
- 20264DRC-OCC: Robust Semantic Occupancy Prediction Through Fusion of 4D Radar and Camera8 Mar 2026
- 2025IMKD: Intensity-Aware Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation for Camera-Radar Fusion17 Dec 2025
- 2025REOcc: Camera-Radar Fusion with Radar Feature Enrichment for 3D Occupancy Prediction10 Nov 2025
12 newest of 29 All 29 (JSON)