mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

RCM-Fusion: Radar-Camera Multi-Level Fusion for 3D Object Detection

arXiv 2307.10249 ↗First posted 17 Jul 2023cs.CVcited by 23

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

While LiDAR sensors have been successfully applied to 3D object detection, the affordability of radar and camera sensors has led to a growing interest in fusing radars and cameras for 3D object detection. However, previous radar-camera fusion models were unable to fully utilize the potential of radar information. In this paper, we propose Radar-Camera Multi-level fusion (RCM-Fusion), which attempts to fuse both modalities at both feature and instance levels. For feature-level fusion, we propose a Radar Guided BEV Encoder which transforms camera features into precise BEV representations using the guidance of radar Bird's-Eye-View (BEV) features and combines the radar and camera BEV features. For instance-level fusion, we propose a Radar Grid Point Refinement module that reduces localization error by accounting for the characteristics of the radar point clouds. The experiments conducted on the public nuScenes dataset demonstrate that our proposed RCM-Fusion achieves state-of-the-art performances among single frame-based radar-camera fusion methods in the nuScenes 3D object detection benchmark. Code will be made publicly available.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 42 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Jul 2023.

Builds on

42 of 51 references.

References · 42

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2016PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentationcited by 5,223
  3. 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
  4. 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
  5. 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,384
  6. 2020Deformable DETR: Deformable Transformers for End-to-End Object Detectioncited by 3,410
  7. 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
  8. 2017VoxelNet: End-to-End Learning for Point Cloud Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 1,323
  9. 2022BEVFormer: Learning Bird's-Eye-View Representation from Multi-Camera Images via Spatiotemporal Transformerscited by 1,213
  10. 2020Center-based 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 1,143
  11. 2020Lift, Splat, Shoot: Encoding Images From Arbitrary Camera Rigs by Implicitly Unprojecting to 3Dcited by 1,040
  12. 2018PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection from Point Cloudcited by 939
30 more
  1. 2019PV-RCNN: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction for 3D Object Detectioncited by 890
  2. 2021BEVDet: High-performance Multi-camera 3D Object Detection in Bird-Eye-Viewcited by 711
  3. 2021DETR3D: 3D Object Detection from Multi-view Images via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 655
  4. 2022BEVDepth: Acquisition of Reliable Depth for Multi-view 3D Object Detectioncited by 568
  5. 2022PETR: Position Embedding Transformation for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 550
  6. 2018Pseudo-LiDAR from Visual Depth Estimation: Bridging the Gap in 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 455
  7. 2021FCOS3D: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 444
  8. 20203DSSD: Point-based 3D Single Stage Object Detectorcited by 440
  9. 2020Voxel R-CNN: Towards High Performance Voxel-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 409
  10. 2019Class-balanced Grouping and Sampling for Point Cloud 3D Object Detectioncited by 350
  11. 2022BEVDet4D: Exploit Temporal Cues in Multi-camera 3D Object Detectioncited by 340
  12. 2022BEVFormer v2: Adapting Modern Image Backbones to Bird's-Eye-View Recognition via Perspective Supervisioncited by 302
  13. 2019STD: Sparse-to-Dense 3D Object Detector for Point Cloudcited by 282
  14. 2021Is Pseudo-Lidar needed for Monocular 3D Object detection?cited by 248
  15. 2021Probabilistic and Geometric Depth: Detecting Objects in Perspectivecited by 190
  16. 2020CenterFusion: Center-based Radar and Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 159
  17. 2022M2BEV: Multi-Camera Joint 3D Detection and Segmentation with Unified Birds-Eye View Representationcited by 155
  18. 2022PolarFormer: Multi-camera 3D Object Detection with Polar Transformercited by 147
  19. 2021LiDAR R-CNN: An Efficient and Universal 3D Object Detectorcited by 129
  20. 2021Improving 3D Object Detection with Channel-wise Transformercited by 108
  21. 2022PillarNet: Real-Time and High-Performance Pillar-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 99
  22. 2023CRN: Camera Radar Net for Accurate, Robust, Efficient 3D Perceptioncited by 81
  23. 2021Pyramid R-CNN: Towards Better Performance and Adaptability for 3D Object Detectioncited by 79
  24. 2022CRAFT: Camera-Radar 3D Object Detection with Spatio-Contextual Fusion Transformercited by 66
  25. 2020RadarNet: Exploiting Radar for Robust Perception of Dynamic Objectscited by 48
  26. 2022AutoAlignV2: Deformable Feature Aggregation for Dynamic Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 46
  27. 2022Learning Ego 3D Representation as Ray Tracingcited by 43
  28. 2022Graph R-CNN: Towards Accurate 3D Object Detection with Semantic-Decorated Local Graphcited by 42
  29. 2022Graph-DETR3D: Rethinking Overlapping Regions for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 35
  30. 2022CramNet: Camera-Radar Fusion with Ray-Constrained Cross-Attention for Robust 3D Object Detectioncited by 30

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 8; 2025: 7; 2026: 7.

23 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2025Multimodal Fusion and Vision-Language Models: A Survey for Robot Visioncited by 37
  2. 2024RadarDistill: Boosting Radar-based Object Detection Performance via Knowledge Distillation from LiDAR Featurescited by 27
  3. 2024CRKD: Enhanced Camera-Radar Object Detection with Cross-modality Knowledge Distillationcited by 27
  4. 2024LiCROcc: Teach Radar for Accurate Semantic Occupancy Prediction using LiDAR and Cameracited by 18
  5. 2024CRT-Fusion: Camera, Radar, Temporal Fusion Using Motion Information for 3D Object Detectioncited by 18
  6. 2024Talk2Radar: Bridging Natural Language with 4D mmWave Radar for 3D Referring Expression Comprehensioncited by 17
  7. 2024SpaRC: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 8
  8. 2023ClusterFusion: Leveraging Radar Spatial Features for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 5
  9. 2025CORENet: Cross-Modal 4D Radar Denoising Network with LiDAR Supervision for Autonomous Drivingcited by 4
  10. 2025Integrating Multi-Modal Sensors: A Review of Fusion Techniques for Intelligent Vehiclescited by 3
  11. 2025RCTDistill: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation Framework for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection with Temporal Fusioncited by 3
  12. 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Based Radar and Vision Fusion for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
11 more
  1. 2025CRAB: Camera-Radar Fusion for Reducing Depth Ambiguity in Backward Projection based View Transformationcited by 2
  2. 2026Boosting Instance Awareness via Cross-View Correlation with 4D Radar and Camera for 3D Object Detectioncited by 2
  3. 2024FADet: A Multi-sensor 3D Object Detection Network based on Local Featured Attentioncited by 1
  4. 2025SpaRC-AD: A Baseline for Radar-Camera Fusion in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
  5. 2025REOcc: Camera-Radar Fusion with Radar Feature Enrichment for 3D Occupancy Predictioncited by 1
  6. 2026Control Your Queries: Heterogeneous Query Interaction for Camera-Radar Fusioncited by 0
  7. 2026REFNet++: Multi-Task Efficient Fusion of Camera and Radar Sensor Data in Bird's-Eye Polar Viewcited by 0
  8. 2026Horizon3D: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for Long-Range 3D Perception in Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
  9. 2026MATS: A novel multi-modality multi-task learning framework for 3D perception in autonomous drivingcited by 0
  10. 2026RSFusionDet: Underwater RGB-Sonar Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 0
  11. 2026SGDet3D++: Geometry-Grounded Semantics for 4D Radar and Camera 3D Object Detectioncited by 0