An Information-Theoretic Approach to Transferability in Task Transfer Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Task transfer learning is a popular technique in image processing applications that uses pre-trained models to reduce the supervision cost of related tasks. An important question is to determine task transferability, i.e. given a common input domain, estimating to what extent representations learned from a source task can help in learning a target task. Typically, transferability is either measured experimentally or inferred through task relatedness, which is often defined without a clear operational meaning. In this paper, we present a novel metric, H-score, an easily-computable evaluation function that estimates the performance of transferred representations from one task to another in classification problems using statistical and information theoretic principles. Experiments on real image data show that our metric is not only consistent with the empirical transferability measurement, but also useful to practitioners in applications such as source model selection and task transfer curriculum learning.
Key facts. Cited by 81 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 8 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Dec 2022.
Builds on
8 of 31 references.
References · 8
- 2014How transferable are features in deep neural networks?cited by 1,225
- 2018Deep Visual Domain Adaptation: A Surveycited by 635
- 2018Taskonomy: Disentangling Task Transfer Learningcited by 634
- 2017Supervised Learning of Universal Sentence Representations from Natural Language Inference Datacited by 432
- 2013DeCAF: A Deep Convolutional Activation Feature for Generic Visual Recognitioncited by 424
- 2013A PAC-Bayesian bound for Lifelong Learningcited by 69
- 2018An Efficient Approach to Informative Feature Extraction from Multimodal Datacited by 21
- 2019On Universal Features for High-Dimensional Learning and Inferencecited by 20
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 25; 2024: 18; 2025: 22; 2026: 16.
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- 2023Sensitivity-Aware Visual Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuningcited by 74
- 2024Scaling Laws for Downstream Task Performance of Large Language Modelscited by 49
- 2023Model Spider: Learning to Rank Pre-Trained Models Efficientlycited by 32
- 2025Capability Instruction Tuning: A New Paradigm for Dynamic LLM Routingcited by 25
- 2024Scalable Multitask Learning Using Gradient-based Estimation of Task Affinitycited by 20
- 2023Quick-Tune: Quickly Learning Which Pretrained Model to Finetune and Howcited by 18
- 2023ETran: Energy-Based Transferability Estimationcited by 18
- 2024Which Model to Transfer? A Survey on Transferability Estimationcited by 13
- 2023Understanding the Transferability of Representations via Task-Relatednesscited by 11
- 2023Exploring Model Transferability through the Lens of Potential Energycited by 11
- 2023Fast and Accurate Transferability Measurement by Evaluating Intra-class Feature Variancecited by 9
- 2023The Performance of Transferability Metrics does not Translate to Medical Taskscited by 7
38 more
- 2024Model-Based Transfer Learning for Contextual Reinforcement Learningcited by 7
- 2023H-ensemble: An Information Theoretic Approach to Reliable Few-Shot Multi-Source-Free Transfercited by 6
- 2023Building a Winning Team: Selecting Source Model Ensembles using a Submodular Transferability Estimation Approachcited by 5
- 2023ModelGiF: Gradient Fields for Model Functional Distancecited by 5
- 2023Simple Transferability Estimation for Regression Taskscited by 5
- 2025A High-Dimensional Statistical Method for Optimizing Transfer Quantities in Multi-Source Transfer Learningcited by 5
- 2025Sequence Transferability and Task Order Selection in Continual Learningcited by 5
- 2023Distilling from Similar Tasks for Transfer Learning on a Budgetcited by 4
- 2023How to Determine the Most Powerful Pre-trained Language Model without Brute Force Fine-tuning? An Empirical Surveycited by 4
- 2024Labeled Data Selection for Category Discoverycited by 4
- 2024BenTo: Benchmark Task Reduction with In-Context Transferabilitycited by 4
- 2025Understanding Knowledge Transferability for Transfer Learning: A Surveycited by 4
- 2023MELEP: A Novel Predictive Measure of Transferability in Multi-Label ECG Diagnosiscited by 3
- 2025LEAD: Exploring Logit Space Evolution for Model Selectioncited by 3
- 2025One-Embedding-Fits-All: Efficient Zero-Shot Time Series Forecasting by a Model Zoocited by 3
- 2025Representing LLMs in Prompt Semantic Task Spacecited by 3
- 2025Transfer Learning for Benign Overfitting in High-Dimensional Linear Regressioncited by 3
- 2023Feasibility and Transferability of Transfer Learning: A Mathematical Frameworkcited by 2
- 2023Feasibility of Transfer Learning: A Mathematical Frameworkcited by 2
- 2023Transferability Metrics for Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2024"Forgetting" in Machine Learning and Beyond: A Surveycited by 2
- 2025Exploiting Task Relationships in Continual Learning via Transferability-Aware Task Embeddingscited by 2
- 2025Estimating Time Series Foundation Model Transferability via In-Context Learningcited by 2
- 2025How NOT to benchmark your SITE metric: Beyond Static Leaderboards and Towards Realistic Evaluationcited by 2
- 2023Finding the Most Transferable Tasks for Brain Image Segmentationcited by 1
- 2023Quantifying the Impact of Data Characteristics on the Transferability of Sleep Stage Scoring Modelscited by 1
- 2023To transfer or not transfer: Unified transferability metric and analysiscited by 1
- 2023Transfer Learning for Portfolio Optimizationcited by 1
- 2023Unleashing the power of Neural Collapse for Transferability Estimationcited by 1
- 2024Pre-Trained Model Recommendation for Downstream Fine-tuningcited by 1
- 2024KITE: A Kernel-based Improved Transferability Estimation Methodcited by 1
- 2024Towards Fundamentally Scalable Model Selection: Asymptotically Fast Update and Selectioncited by 1
- 2024The Inter-Intra Modal Measure: A Predictive Lens on Fine-Tuning Outcomes in Vision-Language Modelscited by 1
- 2024TransformerRanker: A Tool for Efficiently Finding the Best-Suited Language Models for Downstream Classification Taskscited by 1
- 2024Model Selection with a Shapelet-based Distance Measure for Multi-source Transfer Learning in Time Series Classificationcited by 1
- 2025BeST -- A Novel Source Selection Metric for Transfer Learningcited by 1
- 2025Transfer Risk Map: Mitigating Pixel-level Negative Transfer in Medical Segmentationcited by 1
- 2025Statistical Deficiency for Task Inclusion Estimationcited by 1
50 most cited of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2026Benchmarking Self-Supervised 3D Medical Vision Foundation Models and Transferability Estimation13 Oct 2026
- 2026CrossMean: Model Merging by Pairing Merged and Expert Activations10 Oct 2026
- 2026STAMP: Predicting Out-of-Distribution Generalization without Target Data26 Sep 2026
- 2026Residual Correlation as a Diagnostic for Joint-Uncertainty Gains from GP Coregionalisation24 Sep 2026
- 2026The Gaussian Is Enough: Flow-Matching Priors Do Not Help When Fine-Tuning Large Behavior Models22 Sep 2026
- 2026Multi-source Transfer Learning of Time Series with a Shapelet-based Distance Measure14 Sep 2026
- 2026Transfer Learning for Evolving Domains11 Sep 2026
- 2026When More Foundation Models Means Less: Diagnosing and Addressing Multi-View Fusion Failure18 Aug 2026
- 2026Robustness of transferability estimation metrics for medical imaging7 Aug 2026
- 2026Topology-Driven Transferability Estimation for 3D Medical Vision Foundation Models5 Jul 2026
- 2026One Stone, Three Birds: Self-adaptive Optimal Transport for Multi-VLM Selection, Adaptation, and Ensembling6 Jun 2026
- 2026RADAR: Relative Angular Divergence Across Representations21 May 2026
38 more
- 2026ModelLens: Finding the Best for Your Task from Myriads of Models8 May 2026
- 2026PAS: Estimating the target accuracy before domain adaptation10 Apr 2026
- 2026Data Distribution Valuation Using Generalized Bayesian Inference7 Apr 2026
- 2026Model Specific Task Similarity for Vision Language Model Selection via Layer Conductance1 Feb 2026
- 2025MetaRank: Task-Aware Metric Selection for Model Transferability Estimation26 Nov 2025
- 2025T2T-VICL: Cross-Task Visual In-Context Learning via Implicit Text-Driven VLMs20 Nov 2025
- 2025Transfer Learning for Benign Overfitting in High-Dimensional Linear Regression17 Oct 2025
- 2025How NOT to benchmark your SITE metric: Beyond Static Leaderboards and Towards Realistic Evaluation7 Oct 2025
- 2025Estimating Time Series Foundation Model Transferability via In-Context Learning28 Sep 2025
- 2025Representing LLMs in Prompt Semantic Task Space26 Sep 2025
- 2025One-Embedding-Fits-All: Efficient Zero-Shot Time Series Forecasting by a Model Zoo4 Sep 2025
- 2025Analysis of Transferability Estimation Metrics for Surgical Phase Recognition22 Aug 2025
- 2025Match & Choose: Model Selection Framework for Fine-tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models14 Aug 2025
- 2025LEAD: Exploring Logit Space Evolution for Model Selection19 Jul 2025
- 2025Understanding Knowledge Transferability for Transfer Learning: A Survey3 Jul 2025
- 2025Learning Optimal Prompt Ensemble for Multi-source Visual Prompt Transfer9 Apr 2025
- 2025k-NN as a Simple and Effective Estimator of Transferability24 Mar 2025
- 2025Statistical Deficiency for Task Inclusion Estimation7 Mar 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Source-Free Ranking of Biomedical Segmentation Models Under Distribution Shift1 Mar 2025
- 2025Capability Instruction Tuning: A New Paradigm for Dynamic LLM Routing24 Feb 2025
- 2025Exploiting Task Relationships in Continual Learning via Transferability-Aware Task Embeddings17 Feb 2025
- 2025Sequence Transferability and Task Order Selection in Continual Learning10 Feb 2025
- 2025A High-Dimensional Statistical Method for Optimizing Transfer Quantities in Multi-Source Transfer Learning6 Feb 2025
- 2025Transfer Risk Map: Mitigating Pixel-level Negative Transfer in Medical Segmentation4 Feb 2025
- 2025BeST -- A Novel Source Selection Metric for Transfer Learning19 Jan 2025
- 2025How to Select Pre-Trained Code Models for Reuse? A Learning Perspective7 Jan 2025
- 2024BenTo: Benchmark Task Reduction with In-Context Transferability17 Oct 2024
- 2024Selecting the Best Sequential Transfer Path for Medical Image Segmentation with Limited Labeled Data9 Oct 2024
- 2024Model Selection with a Shapelet-based Distance Measure for Multi-source Transfer Learning in Time Series Classification30 Sep 2024
- 2024Leveraging Estimated Transferability Over Human Intuition for Model Selection in Text Ranking24 Sep 2024
- 2024Scalable Multitask Learning Using Gradient-based Estimation of Task Affinity9 Sep 2024
- 2024TransformerRanker: A Tool for Efficiently Finding the Best-Suited Language Models for Downstream Classification Tasks9 Sep 2024
- 2024Model-Based Transfer Learning for Contextual Reinforcement Learning8 Aug 2024
- 2024The Inter-Intra Modal Measure: A Predictive Lens on Fine-Tuning Outcomes in Vision-Language Models22 Jul 2024
- 2024CrowdTransfer: Enabling Crowd Knowledge Transfer in AIoT Community9 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards Fundamentally Scalable Model Selection: Asymptotically Fast Update and Selection11 Jun 2024
- 2024Labeled Data Selection for Category Discovery7 Jun 2024
- 2024"Forgetting" in Machine Learning and Beyond: A Survey31 May 2024
50 newest of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2024The Inter-Intra Modal Measure: A Predictive Lens on Fine-Tuning Outcomes in Vision-Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Model Specific Task Similarity for Vision Language Model Selection via Layer Conductancecited by 0
- 2026One Stone, Three Birds: Self-adaptive Optimal Transport for Multi-VLM Selection, Adaptation, and Ensemblingcited by 0
- 2026One Stone, Three Birds: Self-adaptive Optimal Transport for Multi-VLM Selection, Adaptation, and Ensembling6 Jun 2026
- 2026Model Specific Task Similarity for Vision Language Model Selection via Layer Conductance1 Feb 2026
- 2024The Inter-Intra Modal Measure: A Predictive Lens on Fine-Tuning Outcomes in Vision-Language Models22 Jul 2024
- 2023Sensitivity-Aware Visual Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuningcited by 74
- 2024Scaling Laws for Downstream Task Performance of Large Language Modelscited by 49
- 2023Model Spider: Learning to Rank Pre-Trained Models Efficientlycited by 32
- 2025Capability Instruction Tuning: A New Paradigm for Dynamic LLM Routingcited by 25
- 2024Scalable Multitask Learning Using Gradient-based Estimation of Task Affinitycited by 20
- 2023Quick-Tune: Quickly Learning Which Pretrained Model to Finetune and Howcited by 18
- 2023ETran: Energy-Based Transferability Estimationcited by 18
- 2024Which Model to Transfer? A Survey on Transferability Estimationcited by 13
- 2023Understanding the Transferability of Representations via Task-Relatednesscited by 11
- 2023Exploring Model Transferability through the Lens of Potential Energycited by 11
- 2023Fast and Accurate Transferability Measurement by Evaluating Intra-class Feature Variancecited by 9
- 2023The Performance of Transferability Metrics does not Translate to Medical Taskscited by 7
12 most cited of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2026Benchmarking Self-Supervised 3D Medical Vision Foundation Models and Transferability Estimation13 Oct 2026
- 2026CrossMean: Model Merging by Pairing Merged and Expert Activations10 Oct 2026
- 2026STAMP: Predicting Out-of-Distribution Generalization without Target Data26 Sep 2026
- 2026Residual Correlation as a Diagnostic for Joint-Uncertainty Gains from GP Coregionalisation24 Sep 2026
- 2026Multi-source Transfer Learning of Time Series with a Shapelet-based Distance Measure14 Sep 2026
- 2026Transfer Learning for Evolving Domains11 Sep 2026
- 2026When More Foundation Models Means Less: Diagnosing and Addressing Multi-View Fusion Failure18 Aug 2026
- 2026Robustness of transferability estimation metrics for medical imaging7 Aug 2026
- 2026Topology-Driven Transferability Estimation for 3D Medical Vision Foundation Models5 Jul 2026
- 2026RADAR: Relative Angular Divergence Across Representations21 May 2026
- 2026ModelLens: Finding the Best for Your Task from Myriads of Models8 May 2026
- 2026PAS: Estimating the target accuracy before domain adaptation10 Apr 2026
12 newest of 75 All 75 (JSON)