Ham2Pose: Animating Sign Language Notation into Pose Sequences
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Abstract (arXiv)
Translating spoken languages into Sign languages is necessary for open communication between the hearing and hearing-impaired communities. To achieve this goal, we propose the first method for animating a text written in HamNoSys, a lexical Sign language notation, into signed pose sequences. As HamNoSys is universal, our proposed method offers a generic solution invariant to the target Sign language. Our method gradually generates pose predictions using transformer encoders that create meaningful representations of the text and poses while considering their spatial and temporal information. We use weak supervision for the training process and show that our method succeeds in learning from partial and inaccurate data. Additionally, we offer a new distance measurement for pose sequences, normalized Dynamic Time Warping (nDTW), based on DTW over normalized keypoints trajectories, and validate its correctness using AUTSL, a large-scale Sign language dataset. We show that it measures the distance between pose sequences more accurately than existing measurements and use it to assess the quality of our generated pose sequences. Code for the data pre-processing, the model, and the distance measurement is publicly released for future research.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Nov 2022.
Builds on
27 of 65 references.
References · 27
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
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- 2022Human Motion Diffusion Modelcited by 1,062
- 2016Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fieldscited by 1,061
- 2022TEMOS: Generating diverse human motions from textual descriptionscited by 486
15 more
- 2018Everybody Dance Nowcited by 313
- 2019Language2Pose: Natural Language Grounded Pose Forecastingcited by 257
- 2020Sign Language Transformers: Joint End-to-end Sign Language Recognition and Translationcited by 254
- 2019Word-level Deep Sign Language Recognition from Video: A New Large-scale Dataset and Methods Comparisoncited by 217
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- 2021Synthesis of Compositional Animations from Textual Descriptionscited by 177
- 2020How2Sign: A Large-scale Multimodal Dataset for Continuous American Sign Languagecited by 172
- 2017Searching for Activation Functionscited by 158
- 2020Progressive Transformers for End-to-End Sign Language Productioncited by 119
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- 2020AUTSL: A Large Scale Multi-modal Turkish Sign Language Dataset and Baseline Methodscited by 75
- 2022Signing at Scale: Learning to Co-Articulate Signs for Large-Scale Photo-Realistic Sign Language Productioncited by 61
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 4; 2024: 5; 2025: 6; 2026: 5.
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- 2023SignAvatars: A Large-scale 3D Sign Language Holistic Motion Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 29
- 2022Considerations for meaningful sign language machine translation based on glossescited by 24
- 2024Signs as Tokens: A Retrieval-Enhanced Multilingual Sign Language Generatorcited by 20
- 2023An Open-Source Gloss-Based Baseline for Spoken to Signed Language Translationcited by 9
- 2023Autoregressive Sign Language Production: A Gloss-Free Approach with Discrete Representationscited by 9
- 2024BdSLW60: A Word-Level Bangla Sign Language Datasetcited by 6
- 2024MM-WLAuslan: Multi-View Multi-Modal Word-Level Australian Sign Language Recognition Datasetcited by 6
- 2025Meaningful Pose-Based Sign Language Evaluationcited by 6
- 2024A Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning as an Alternative to Traditional Glosses in Sign Language Translation and Productioncited by 5
- 2024MS2SL: Multimodal Spoken Data-Driven Continuous Sign Language Productioncited by 4
- 2026MaDiS: Taming Masked Diffusion Language Models for Sign Language Generationcited by 3
- 2025Jointly Understand Your Command and Intention:Reciprocal Co-Evolution between Scene-Aware 3D Human Motion Synthesis and Analysiscited by 2
9 more
- 2026SignSparK: Efficient Multilingual Sign Language Production via Sparse Keyframe Learningcited by 2
- 2025Teach Me Sign: Stepwise Prompting LLM for Sign Language Productioncited by 1
- 2025Text2Sign Diffusion: A Generative Approach for Gloss-Free Sign Language Productioncited by 1
- 2025DexAvatar: 3D Sign Language Reconstruction with Hand and Body Pose Priorscited by 1
- 2026Toward Phonology-Guided Sign Language Motion Generation: A Diffusion Baseline and Conditioning Analysiscited by 1
- 2026Context-Aware Autoregressive Diffusion for Gloss-Wise Sign Language Productioncited by 1
- 2023sign.mt: Real-Time Multilingual Sign Language Translation Applicationcited by 0
- 2025HandCraft: Dynamic Sign Generation for Synthetic Data Augmentationcited by 0
- 2026Evaluation of Pose Estimation Systems for Sign Language Translationcited by 0
- 2026Context-Aware Autoregressive Diffusion for Gloss-Wise Sign Language Production19 Jun 2026
- 2026Evaluation of Pose Estimation Systems for Sign Language Translation27 Apr 2026
- 2026Toward Phonology-Guided Sign Language Motion Generation: A Diffusion Baseline and Conditioning Analysis18 Mar 2026
- 2026SignSparK: Efficient Multilingual Sign Language Production via Sparse Keyframe Learning11 Mar 2026
- 2026MaDiS: Taming Masked Diffusion Language Models for Sign Language Generation27 Jan 2026
- 2025DexAvatar: 3D Sign Language Reconstruction with Hand and Body Pose Priors24 Dec 2025
- 2025Meaningful Pose-Based Sign Language Evaluation8 Oct 2025
- 2025Text2Sign Diffusion: A Generative Approach for Gloss-Free Sign Language Production13 Sep 2025
- 2025HandCraft: Dynamic Sign Generation for Synthetic Data Augmentation20 Aug 2025
- 2025Teach Me Sign: Stepwise Prompting LLM for Sign Language Production15 Jul 2025
- 2025Jointly Understand Your Command and Intention:Reciprocal Co-Evolution between Scene-Aware 3D Human Motion Synthesis and Analysis1 Mar 2025
- 2024Signs as Tokens: A Retrieval-Enhanced Multilingual Sign Language Generator26 Nov 2024
9 more
- 2024MM-WLAuslan: Multi-View Multi-Modal Word-Level Australian Sign Language Recognition Dataset25 Oct 2024
- 2024MS2SL: Multimodal Spoken Data-Driven Continuous Sign Language Production4 Jul 2024
- 2024A Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning as an Alternative to Traditional Glosses in Sign Language Translation and Production3 Jul 2024
- 2024BdSLW60: A Word-Level Bangla Sign Language Dataset13 Feb 2024
- 2023SignAvatars: A Large-scale 3D Sign Language Holistic Motion Dataset and Benchmark31 Oct 2023
- 2023sign.mt: Real-Time Multilingual Sign Language Translation Application8 Oct 2023
- 2023Autoregressive Sign Language Production: A Gloss-Free Approach with Discrete Representations21 Sep 2023
- 2023An Open-Source Gloss-Based Baseline for Spoken to Signed Language Translation28 May 2023
- 2022Considerations for meaningful sign language machine translation based on glosses28 Nov 2022
- 2023SignAvatars: A Large-scale 3D Sign Language Holistic Motion Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 29
- 2022Considerations for meaningful sign language machine translation based on glossescited by 24
- 2024Signs as Tokens: A Retrieval-Enhanced Multilingual Sign Language Generatorcited by 20
- 2023An Open-Source Gloss-Based Baseline for Spoken to Signed Language Translationcited by 9
- 2023Autoregressive Sign Language Production: A Gloss-Free Approach with Discrete Representationscited by 9
- 2024BdSLW60: A Word-Level Bangla Sign Language Datasetcited by 6
- 2024MM-WLAuslan: Multi-View Multi-Modal Word-Level Australian Sign Language Recognition Datasetcited by 6
- 2025Meaningful Pose-Based Sign Language Evaluationcited by 6
- 2024A Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning as an Alternative to Traditional Glosses in Sign Language Translation and Productioncited by 5
- 2024MS2SL: Multimodal Spoken Data-Driven Continuous Sign Language Productioncited by 4
- 2025Jointly Understand Your Command and Intention:Reciprocal Co-Evolution between Scene-Aware 3D Human Motion Synthesis and Analysiscited by 2
- 2026SignSparK: Efficient Multilingual Sign Language Production via Sparse Keyframe Learningcited by 2
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2026Context-Aware Autoregressive Diffusion for Gloss-Wise Sign Language Production19 Jun 2026
- 2026Evaluation of Pose Estimation Systems for Sign Language Translation27 Apr 2026
- 2026Toward Phonology-Guided Sign Language Motion Generation: A Diffusion Baseline and Conditioning Analysis18 Mar 2026
- 2026SignSparK: Efficient Multilingual Sign Language Production via Sparse Keyframe Learning11 Mar 2026
- 2025DexAvatar: 3D Sign Language Reconstruction with Hand and Body Pose Priors24 Dec 2025
- 2025Meaningful Pose-Based Sign Language Evaluation8 Oct 2025
- 2025HandCraft: Dynamic Sign Generation for Synthetic Data Augmentation20 Aug 2025
- 2025Jointly Understand Your Command and Intention:Reciprocal Co-Evolution between Scene-Aware 3D Human Motion Synthesis and Analysis1 Mar 2025
- 2024Signs as Tokens: A Retrieval-Enhanced Multilingual Sign Language Generator26 Nov 2024
- 2024MM-WLAuslan: Multi-View Multi-Modal Word-Level Australian Sign Language Recognition Dataset25 Oct 2024
- 2024MS2SL: Multimodal Spoken Data-Driven Continuous Sign Language Production4 Jul 2024
- 2024A Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning as an Alternative to Traditional Glosses in Sign Language Translation and Production3 Jul 2024
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)