mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

NusaX: Multilingual Parallel Sentiment Dataset for 10 Indonesian Local Languages

arXiv 2205.15960 ↗First posted 31 May 2022cs.CLcited by 67

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Abstract (arXiv)

Natural language processing (NLP) has a significant impact on society via technologies such as machine translation and search engines. Despite its success, NLP technology is only widely available for high-resource languages such as English and Chinese, while it remains inaccessible to many languages due to the unavailability of data resources and benchmarks. In this work, we focus on developing resources for languages in Indonesia. Despite being the second most linguistically diverse country, most languages in Indonesia are categorized as endangered and some are even extinct. We develop the first-ever parallel resource for 10 low-resource languages in Indonesia. Our resource includes datasets, a multi-task benchmark, and lexicons, as well as a parallel Indonesian-English dataset. We provide extensive analyses and describe the challenges when creating such resources. We hope that our work can spark NLP research on Indonesian and other underrepresented languages.

Key facts. Cited by 67 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 85 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 May 2022.

Builds on

30 of 85 references.

References · 30

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,907
  3. 2020mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformercited by 1,813
  4. 2018A Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scorescited by 1,790
  5. 2020Multilingual Denoising Pre-training for Neural Machine Translationcited by 1,028
  6. 2018XNLI: Evaluating Cross-lingual Sentence Representationscited by 913
  7. 2020XTREME: A Massively Multilingual Multi-task Benchmark for Evaluating Cross-lingual Generalizationcited by 738
  8. 2020XCOPA: A Multilingual Dataset for Causal Commonsense Reasoningcited by 330
  9. 2019WikiMatrix: Mining 135M Parallel Sentences in 1620 Language Pairs from Wikipediacited by 221
  10. 2020Participatory Research for Low-resourced Machine Translation: A Case Study in African Languagescited by 159
  11. 2021MasakhaNER: Named Entity Recognition for African Languagescited by 155
  12. 2018A robust self-learning method for fully unsupervised cross-lingual mappings of word embeddingscited by 145
18 more
  1. 2021Samanantar: The Largest Publicly Available Parallel Corpora Collection for 11 Indic Languagescited by 133
  2. 2020IndoNLU: Benchmark and Resources for Evaluating Indonesian Natural Language Understandingcited by 108
  3. 2020GLUECoS : An Evaluation Benchmark for Code-Switched NLPcited by 101
  4. 2021Language Models are Few-shot Multilingual Learnerscited by 92
  5. 2022One Country, 700+ Languages: NLP Challenges for Underrepresented Languages and Dialects in Indonesiacited by 65
  6. 2022NaijaSenti: A Nigerian Twitter Sentiment Corpus for Multilingual Sentiment Analysiscited by 64
  7. 2019The FLoRes Evaluation Datasets for Low-Resource Machine Translation: Nepali-English and Sinhala-Englishcited by 61
  8. 2020IndoLEM and IndoBERT: A Benchmark Dataset and Pre-trained Language Model for Indonesian NLPcited by 57
  9. 2021IndoNLG: Benchmark and Resources for Evaluating Indonesian Natural Language Generationcited by 57
  10. 2021BiToD: A Bilingual Multi-Domain Dataset For Task-Oriented Dialogue Modelingcited by 55
  11. 2021AmericasNLI: Evaluating Zero-shot Natural Language Understanding of Pretrained Multilingual Models in Truly Low-resource Languagescited by 50
  12. 2022Expanding Pretrained Models to Thousands More Languages via Lexicon-based Adaptationcited by 44
  13. 2020PMIndia -- A Collection of Parallel Corpora of Languages of Indiacited by 40
  14. 2021IndoNLI: A Natural Language Inference Dataset for Indonesiancited by 24
  15. 2020Improving Bi-LSTM Performance for Indonesian Sentiment Analysis Using Paragraph Vectorcited by 18
  16. 2020Towards Computational Linguistics in Minangkabau Language: Studies on Sentiment Analysis and Machine Translationcited by 16
  17. 2020Semi-Supervised Low-Resource Style Transfer of Indonesian Informal to Formal Language with Iterative Forward-Translationcited by 4
  18. 2020Plan Optimization to Bilingual Dictionary Induction for Low-Resource Language Familiescited by 3

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 20; 2024: 18; 2025: 17; 2026: 9.

67 papers.

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  1. 2023A Multitask, Multilingual, Multimodal Evaluation of ChatGPT on Reasoning, Hallucination, and Interactivitycited by 888
  2. 2024Aya Dataset: An Open-Access Collection for Multilingual Instruction Tuningcited by 174
  3. 2023Bactrian-X: Multilingual Replicable Instruction-Following Models with Low-Rank Adaptationcited by 79
  4. 2024LLMs Are Few-Shot In-Context Low-Resource Language Learnerscited by 68
  5. 2023Large Language Models Only Pass Primary School Exams in Indonesia: A Comprehensive Test on IndoMMLUcited by 53
  6. 2023LLM-powered Data Augmentation for Enhanced Cross-lingual Performancecited by 51
  7. 2023Prompting Multilingual Large Language Models to Generate Code-Mixed Texts: The Case of South East Asian Languagescited by 50
  8. 2024Multilingual Large Language Model: A Survey of Resources, Taxonomy and Frontierscited by 49
  9. 2024SEACrowd: A Multilingual Multimodal Data Hub and Benchmark Suite for Southeast Asian Languagescited by 41
  10. 2022NusaCrowd: Open Source Initiative for Indonesian NLP Resourcescited by 38
  11. 2024IndoCulture: Exploring Geographically-Influenced Cultural Commonsense Reasoning Across Eleven Indonesian Provincescited by 38
  12. 2024Can LLM Generate Culturally Relevant Commonsense QA Data? Case Study in Indonesian and Sundanesecited by 36
38 more
  1. 2023XTREME-UP: A User-Centric Scarce-Data Benchmark for Under-Represented Languagescited by 34
  2. 2023When Is Multilinguality a Curse? Language Modeling for 250 High- and Low-Resource Languagescited by 32
  3. 2024Evaluating the Elementary Multilingual Capabilities of Large Language Models with MultiQcited by 27
  4. 2024Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 Languagescited by 27
  5. 2023Romanization-based Large-scale Adaptation of Multilingual Language Modelscited by 21
  6. 2024Quantifying the Capabilities of LLMs across Scale and Precisioncited by 17
  7. 2025SEA-HELM: Southeast Asian Holistic Evaluation of Language Modelscited by 17
  8. 2023BHASA: A Holistic Southeast Asian Linguistic and Cultural Evaluation Suite for Large Language Modelscited by 16
  9. 2023NollySenti: Leveraging Transfer Learning and Machine Translation for Nigerian Movie Sentiment Classificationcited by 14
  10. 2024MURI: High-Quality Instruction Tuning Datasets for Low-Resource Languages via Reverse Instructionscited by 12
  11. 2024LexC-Gen: Generating Data for Extremely Low-Resource Languages with Large Language Models and Bilingual Lexiconscited by 11
  12. 2025The Multilingual Divide and Its Impact on Global AI Safetycited by 10
  13. 2024Self-Distillation for Model Stacking Unlocks Cross-Lingual NLU in 200+ Languagescited by 9
  14. 2025BabyBabelLM: A Multilingual Benchmark of Developmentally Plausible Training Datacited by 9
  15. 2025Crowdsource, Crawl, or Generate? Creating SEA-VL, a Multicultural Vision-Language Dataset for Southeast Asiacited by 8
  16. 2022Multilingual Relation Classification via Efficient and Effective Promptingcited by 7
  17. 2023To Translate or Not to Translate: A Systematic Investigation of Translation-Based Cross-Lingual Transfer to Low-Resource Languagescited by 7
  18. 2024Zero-shot Sentiment Analysis in Low-Resource Languages Using a Multilingual Sentiment Lexiconcited by 7
  19. 2024GrEmLIn: A Repository of Green Baseline Embeddings for 87 Low-Resource Languages Injected with Multilingual Graph Knowledgecited by 7
  20. 2024Linguistics Theory Meets LLM: Code-Switched Text Generation via Equivalence Constrained Large Language Modelscited by 6
  21. 2022Every picture tells a story: Image-grounded controllable stylistic story generationcited by 5
  22. 2023IndoRobusta: Towards Robustness Against Diverse Code-Mixed Indonesian Local Languagescited by 5
  23. 2025LoraxBench: A Multitask, Multilingual Benchmark Suite for 20 Indonesian Languagescited by 5
  24. 2023NusaWrites: Constructing High-Quality Corpora for Underrepresented and Extremely Low-Resource Languagescited by 4
  25. 2024Thank You, Stingray: Multilingual Large Language Models Can Not (Yet) Disambiguate Cross-Lingual Word Sensecited by 4
  26. 2025NusaAksara: A Multimodal and Multilingual Benchmark for Preserving Indonesian Indigenous Scriptscited by 4
  27. 2025DialogXpert: Driving Intelligent and Emotion-Aware Conversations through Online Value-Based Reinforcement Learning with LLM Priorscited by 4
  28. 2025Massively Multilingual Adaptation of Large Language Models Using Bilingual Translation Datacited by 4
  29. 2025Language Surgery in Multilingual Large Language Modelscited by 4
  30. 2025Beyond Monolingual Assumptions: A Survey of Code-Switched NLP in the Era of Large Language Models across Modalitiescited by 4
  31. 2026OpenLID-v3: Improving the Precision of Closely Related Language Identification -- An Experience Reportcited by 4
  32. 2023The Skipped Beat: A Study of Sociopragmatic Understanding in LLMs for 64 Languagescited by 3
  33. 2025Language Fusion for Parameter-Efficient Cross-lingual Transfercited by 3
  34. 2025Small Models, Big Impact: Efficient Corpus and Graph-Based Adaptation of Small Multilingual Language Models for Low-Resource Languagescited by 3
  35. 2023BasahaCorpus: An Expanded Linguistic Resource for Readability Assessment in Central Philippine Languagescited by 2
  36. 2023On the Analysis of Cross-Lingual Prompt Tuning for Decoder-based Multilingual Modelcited by 2
  37. 2025What Do Indonesians Really Need from Language Technology? A Nationwide Surveycited by 2
  38. 2025SEA-BED: How Do Embedding Models Represent Southeast Asian Languages?cited by 2

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