Stubborn: A Strong Baseline for Indoor Object Navigation
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We present a strong baseline that surpasses the performance of previously published methods on the Habitat Challenge task of navigating to a target object in indoor environments. Our method is motivated from primary failure modes of prior state-of-the-art: poor exploration, inaccurate object identification, and agent getting trapped due to imprecise map construction. We make three contributions to mitigate these issues: (i) First, we show that existing map-based methods fail to effectively use semantic clues for exploration. We present a semantic-agnostic exploration strategy (called Stubborn) without any learning that surprisingly outperforms prior work. (ii) We propose a strategy for integrating temporal information to improve object identification. (iii) Lastly, due to inaccurate depth observation the agent often gets trapped in small regions. We develop a multi-scale collision map for obstacle identification that mitigates this issue.
Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Mar 2022.
Builds on
23 of 31 references.
References · 23
- 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
- 2017Rethinking Atrous Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentationcited by 2,154
- 2017Matterport3D: Learning from RGB-D Data in Indoor Environmentscited by 1,354
- 2017Curiosity-driven Exploration by Self-supervised Predictioncited by 1,173
- 2019Habitat: A Platform for Embodied AI Researchcited by 1,163
- 2015ORB-SLAM: a Versatile and Accurate Monocular SLAM Systemcited by 983
- 2021CoAtNet: Marrying Convolution and Attention for All Data Sizescited by 566
- 2018On Evaluation of Embodied Navigation Agentscited by 526
- 2020Object Goal Navigation using Goal-Oriented Semantic Explorationcited by 421
- 2020ObjectNav Revisited: On Evaluation of Embodied Agents Navigating to Objectscited by 240
- 2017Cognitive Mapping and Planning for Visual Navigationcited by 209
- 2021Simple but Effective: CLIP Embeddings for Embodied AIcited by 191
11 more
- 2016Deep Feature Flow for Video Recognitioncited by 186
- 2018Visual Semantic Navigation using Scene Priorscited by 127
- 2019Learning Exploration Policies for Navigationcited by 113
- 2018Visual Representations for Semantic Target Driven Navigationcited by 89
- 2017Intel RealSense Stereoscopic Depth Camerascited by 82
- 2016Semantic Video Segmentation by Gated Recurrent Flow Propagationcited by 76
- 2021Auxiliary Tasks and Exploration Enable ObjectNavcited by 73
- 2018RedNet: Residual Encoder-Decoder Network for indoor RGB-D Semantic Segmentationcited by 65
- 2020Efficient Semantic Video Segmentation with Per-frame Inferencecited by 63
- 2021Temporal Memory Attention for Video Semantic Segmentationcited by 49
- 2020Learning Object-conditioned Exploration using Distributed Soft Actor Criticcited by 11
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 7; 2024: 12; 2025: 6; 2026: 2.
31 papers.
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- 2022ProcTHOR: Large-Scale Embodied AI Using Procedural Generationcited by 369
- 2023VLFM: Vision-Language Frontier Maps for Zero-Shot Semantic Navigationcited by 201
- 2022ZSON: Zero-Shot Object-Goal Navigation using Multimodal Goal Embeddingscited by 177
- 2023ETPNav: Evolving Topological Planning for Vision-Language Navigation in Continuous Environmentscited by 165
- 2024RoboEXP: Action-Conditioned Scene Graph via Interactive Exploration for Robotic Manipulationcited by 48
- 20223D-Aware Object Goal Navigation via Simultaneous Exploration and Identificationcited by 46
- 2024Vision-Language Models Provide Promptable Representations for Reinforcement Learningcited by 41
- 2023Learning Navigational Visual Representations with Semantic Map Supervisioncited by 40
- 2024CogNav: Cognitive Process Modeling for Object Goal Navigation with LLMscited by 32
- 2024Learning Generalizable Feature Fields for Mobile Manipulationcited by 31
- 2025UAV-ON: A Benchmark for Open-World Object Goal Navigation with Aerial Agentscited by 31
- 2024SPIN: Simultaneous Perception, Interaction and Navigationcited by 27
19 more
- 2022PEANUT: Predicting and Navigating to Unseen Targetscited by 22
- 2023Object Goal Navigation with Recursive Implicit Mapscited by 16
- 2024Tag Map: A Text-Based Map for Spatial Reasoning and Navigation with Large Language Modelscited by 12
- 2023LaMPP: Language Models as Probabilistic Priors for Perception and Actioncited by 11
- 2023MOPA: Modular Object Navigation with PointGoal Agentscited by 11
- 2024Personalized Instance-based Navigation Toward User-Specific Objects in Realistic Environmentscited by 11
- 2024Perception Matters: Enhancing Embodied AI with Uncertainty-Aware Semantic Segmentationcited by 6
- 2025CuriousBot: Interactive Mobile Exploration via Actionable 3D Relational Object Graphcited by 4
- 2023Implicit Obstacle Map-driven Indoor Navigation Model for Robust Obstacle Avoidancecited by 3
- 2025Distilling LLM Prior to Flow Model for Generalizable Agent's Imagination in Object Goal Navigationcited by 3
- 2024Leveraging Large Language Model-based Room-Object Relationships Knowledge for Enhancing Multimodal-Input Object Goal Navigationcited by 2
- 2024Causality-Aware Transformer Networks for Robotic Navigationcited by 2
- 2024OpenObject-NAV: Open-Vocabulary Object-Oriented Navigation Based on Dynamic Carrier-Relationship Scene Graphcited by 2
- 2025LagMemo: Language 3D Gaussian Splatting Memory for Multi-modal Open-vocabulary Multi-goal Visual Navigationcited by 2
- 2024Diffusion as Reasoning: Enhancing Object Navigation via Diffusion Model Conditioned on LLM-based Object-Room Knowledgecited by 1
- 2025Efficient and Generalizable Environmental Understanding for Visual Navigationcited by 1
- 2025FOM-Nav: Frontier-Object Maps for Object Goal Navigationcited by 1
- 2026Hierarchical Semantic-Augmented Navigation: Optimal Transport and Graph-Driven Reasoning for Vision-Language Navigationcited by 1
- 2026MVP-Nav: Multi-layer Value Map Planner Navigatorcited by 1
- 2026MVP-Nav: Multi-layer Value Map Planner Navigator30 Jun 2026
- 2026Hierarchical Semantic-Augmented Navigation: Optimal Transport and Graph-Driven Reasoning for Vision-Language Navigation1 Jun 2026
- 2025FOM-Nav: Frontier-Object Maps for Object Goal Navigation30 Nov 2025
- 2025LagMemo: Language 3D Gaussian Splatting Memory for Multi-modal Open-vocabulary Multi-goal Visual Navigation28 Oct 2025
- 2025Distilling LLM Prior to Flow Model for Generalizable Agent's Imagination in Object Goal Navigation13 Aug 2025
- 2025UAV-ON: A Benchmark for Open-World Object Goal Navigation with Aerial Agents1 Aug 2025
- 2025Efficient and Generalizable Environmental Understanding for Visual Navigation18 Jun 2025
- 2025CuriousBot: Interactive Mobile Exploration via Actionable 3D Relational Object Graph23 Jan 2025
- 2024CogNav: Cognitive Process Modeling for Object Goal Navigation with LLMs11 Dec 2024
- 2024Diffusion as Reasoning: Enhancing Object Navigation via Diffusion Model Conditioned on LLM-based Object-Room Knowledge29 Oct 2024
- 2024Personalized Instance-based Navigation Toward User-Specific Objects in Realistic Environments23 Oct 2024
- 2024OpenObject-NAV: Open-Vocabulary Object-Oriented Navigation Based on Dynamic Carrier-Relationship Scene Graph27 Sep 2024
19 more
- 2024Tag Map: A Text-Based Map for Spatial Reasoning and Navigation with Large Language Models23 Sep 2024
- 2024Causality-Aware Transformer Networks for Robotic Navigation4 Sep 2024
- 2024Perception Matters: Enhancing Embodied AI with Uncertainty-Aware Semantic Segmentation5 Aug 2024
- 2024SPIN: Simultaneous Perception, Interaction and Navigation13 May 2024
- 2024Leveraging Large Language Model-based Room-Object Relationships Knowledge for Enhancing Multimodal-Input Object Goal Navigation21 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning Generalizable Feature Fields for Mobile Manipulation12 Mar 2024
- 2024RoboEXP: Action-Conditioned Scene Graph via Interactive Exploration for Robotic Manipulation23 Feb 2024
- 2024Vision-Language Models Provide Promptable Representations for Reinforcement Learning5 Feb 2024
- 2023VLFM: Vision-Language Frontier Maps for Zero-Shot Semantic Navigation6 Dec 2023
- 2023Implicit Obstacle Map-driven Indoor Navigation Model for Robust Obstacle Avoidance24 Aug 2023
- 2023Object Goal Navigation with Recursive Implicit Maps10 Aug 2023
- 2023Learning Navigational Visual Representations with Semantic Map Supervision23 Jul 2023
- 2023MOPA: Modular Object Navigation with PointGoal Agents7 Apr 2023
- 2023ETPNav: Evolving Topological Planning for Vision-Language Navigation in Continuous Environments6 Apr 2023
- 2023LaMPP: Language Models as Probabilistic Priors for Perception and Action3 Feb 2023
- 2022PEANUT: Predicting and Navigating to Unseen Targets5 Dec 2022
- 20223D-Aware Object Goal Navigation via Simultaneous Exploration and Identification1 Dec 2022
- 2022ZSON: Zero-Shot Object-Goal Navigation using Multimodal Goal Embeddings24 Jun 2022
- 2022ProcTHOR: Large-Scale Embodied AI Using Procedural Generation14 Jun 2022
- 2024Tag Map: A Text-Based Map for Spatial Reasoning and Navigation with Large Language Modelscited by 12
- 2024Diffusion as Reasoning: Enhancing Object Navigation via Diffusion Model Conditioned on LLM-based Object-Room Knowledgecited by 1
- 2026Hierarchical Semantic-Augmented Navigation: Optimal Transport and Graph-Driven Reasoning for Vision-Language Navigationcited by 1
- 2026Hierarchical Semantic-Augmented Navigation: Optimal Transport and Graph-Driven Reasoning for Vision-Language Navigation1 Jun 2026
- 2024Diffusion as Reasoning: Enhancing Object Navigation via Diffusion Model Conditioned on LLM-based Object-Room Knowledge29 Oct 2024
- 2024Tag Map: A Text-Based Map for Spatial Reasoning and Navigation with Large Language Models23 Sep 2024
- 2022ProcTHOR: Large-Scale Embodied AI Using Procedural Generationcited by 369
- 2022ZSON: Zero-Shot Object-Goal Navigation using Multimodal Goal Embeddingscited by 177
- 2023ETPNav: Evolving Topological Planning for Vision-Language Navigation in Continuous Environmentscited by 165
- 2024RoboEXP: Action-Conditioned Scene Graph via Interactive Exploration for Robotic Manipulationcited by 48
- 20223D-Aware Object Goal Navigation via Simultaneous Exploration and Identificationcited by 46
- 2023Learning Navigational Visual Representations with Semantic Map Supervisioncited by 40
- 2024CogNav: Cognitive Process Modeling for Object Goal Navigation with LLMscited by 32
- 2024Learning Generalizable Feature Fields for Mobile Manipulationcited by 31
- 2025UAV-ON: A Benchmark for Open-World Object Goal Navigation with Aerial Agentscited by 31
- 2024SPIN: Simultaneous Perception, Interaction and Navigationcited by 27
- 2022PEANUT: Predicting and Navigating to Unseen Targetscited by 22
- 2023Object Goal Navigation with Recursive Implicit Mapscited by 16
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2026MVP-Nav: Multi-layer Value Map Planner Navigator30 Jun 2026
- 2025FOM-Nav: Frontier-Object Maps for Object Goal Navigation30 Nov 2025
- 2025LagMemo: Language 3D Gaussian Splatting Memory for Multi-modal Open-vocabulary Multi-goal Visual Navigation28 Oct 2025
- 2025UAV-ON: A Benchmark for Open-World Object Goal Navigation with Aerial Agents1 Aug 2025
- 2025Efficient and Generalizable Environmental Understanding for Visual Navigation18 Jun 2025
- 2025CuriousBot: Interactive Mobile Exploration via Actionable 3D Relational Object Graph23 Jan 2025
- 2024CogNav: Cognitive Process Modeling for Object Goal Navigation with LLMs11 Dec 2024
- 2024Personalized Instance-based Navigation Toward User-Specific Objects in Realistic Environments23 Oct 2024
- 2024OpenObject-NAV: Open-Vocabulary Object-Oriented Navigation Based on Dynamic Carrier-Relationship Scene Graph27 Sep 2024
- 2024Causality-Aware Transformer Networks for Robotic Navigation4 Sep 2024
- 2024Perception Matters: Enhancing Embodied AI with Uncertainty-Aware Semantic Segmentation5 Aug 2024
- 2024SPIN: Simultaneous Perception, Interaction and Navigation13 May 2024
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)