mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Stubborn: A Strong Baseline for Indoor Object Navigation

arXiv 2203.07359 ↗First posted 14 Mar 2022cs.RO cs.AIcited by 31

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

We present a strong baseline that surpasses the performance of previously published methods on the Habitat Challenge task of navigating to a target object in indoor environments. Our method is motivated from primary failure modes of prior state-of-the-art: poor exploration, inaccurate object identification, and agent getting trapped due to imprecise map construction. We make three contributions to mitigate these issues: (i) First, we show that existing map-based methods fail to effectively use semantic clues for exploration. We present a semantic-agnostic exploration strategy (called Stubborn) without any learning that surprisingly outperforms prior work. (ii) We propose a strategy for integrating temporal information to improve object identification. (iii) Lastly, due to inaccurate depth observation the agent often gets trapped in small regions. We develop a multi-scale collision map for obstacle identification that mitigates this issue.

Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Mar 2022.

Builds on

23 of 31 references.

References · 23

  1. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
  2. 2017Rethinking Atrous Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentationcited by 2,154
  3. 2017Matterport3D: Learning from RGB-D Data in Indoor Environmentscited by 1,354
  4. 2017Curiosity-driven Exploration by Self-supervised Predictioncited by 1,173
  5. 2019Habitat: A Platform for Embodied AI Researchcited by 1,163
  6. 2015ORB-SLAM: a Versatile and Accurate Monocular SLAM Systemcited by 983
  7. 2021CoAtNet: Marrying Convolution and Attention for All Data Sizescited by 566
  8. 2018On Evaluation of Embodied Navigation Agentscited by 526
  9. 2020Object Goal Navigation using Goal-Oriented Semantic Explorationcited by 421
  10. 2020ObjectNav Revisited: On Evaluation of Embodied Agents Navigating to Objectscited by 240
  11. 2017Cognitive Mapping and Planning for Visual Navigationcited by 209
  12. 2021Simple but Effective: CLIP Embeddings for Embodied AIcited by 191
11 more
  1. 2016Deep Feature Flow for Video Recognitioncited by 186
  2. 2018Visual Semantic Navigation using Scene Priorscited by 127
  3. 2019Learning Exploration Policies for Navigationcited by 113
  4. 2018Visual Representations for Semantic Target Driven Navigationcited by 89
  5. 2017Intel RealSense Stereoscopic Depth Camerascited by 82
  6. 2016Semantic Video Segmentation by Gated Recurrent Flow Propagationcited by 76
  7. 2021Auxiliary Tasks and Exploration Enable ObjectNavcited by 73
  8. 2018RedNet: Residual Encoder-Decoder Network for indoor RGB-D Semantic Segmentationcited by 65
  9. 2020Efficient Semantic Video Segmentation with Per-frame Inferencecited by 63
  10. 2021Temporal Memory Attention for Video Semantic Segmentationcited by 49
  11. 2020Learning Object-conditioned Exploration using Distributed Soft Actor Criticcited by 11

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 7; 2024: 12; 2025: 6; 2026: 2.

31 papers.

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  1. 2022ProcTHOR: Large-Scale Embodied AI Using Procedural Generationcited by 369
  2. 2023VLFM: Vision-Language Frontier Maps for Zero-Shot Semantic Navigationcited by 201
  3. 2022ZSON: Zero-Shot Object-Goal Navigation using Multimodal Goal Embeddingscited by 177
  4. 2023ETPNav: Evolving Topological Planning for Vision-Language Navigation in Continuous Environmentscited by 165
  5. 2024RoboEXP: Action-Conditioned Scene Graph via Interactive Exploration for Robotic Manipulationcited by 48
  6. 20223D-Aware Object Goal Navigation via Simultaneous Exploration and Identificationcited by 46
  7. 2024Vision-Language Models Provide Promptable Representations for Reinforcement Learningcited by 41
  8. 2023Learning Navigational Visual Representations with Semantic Map Supervisioncited by 40
  9. 2024CogNav: Cognitive Process Modeling for Object Goal Navigation with LLMscited by 32
  10. 2024Learning Generalizable Feature Fields for Mobile Manipulationcited by 31
  11. 2025UAV-ON: A Benchmark for Open-World Object Goal Navigation with Aerial Agentscited by 31
  12. 2024SPIN: Simultaneous Perception, Interaction and Navigationcited by 27
19 more
  1. 2022PEANUT: Predicting and Navigating to Unseen Targetscited by 22
  2. 2023Object Goal Navigation with Recursive Implicit Mapscited by 16
  3. 2024Tag Map: A Text-Based Map for Spatial Reasoning and Navigation with Large Language Modelscited by 12
  4. 2023LaMPP: Language Models as Probabilistic Priors for Perception and Actioncited by 11
  5. 2023MOPA: Modular Object Navigation with PointGoal Agentscited by 11
  6. 2024Personalized Instance-based Navigation Toward User-Specific Objects in Realistic Environmentscited by 11
  7. 2024Perception Matters: Enhancing Embodied AI with Uncertainty-Aware Semantic Segmentationcited by 6
  8. 2025CuriousBot: Interactive Mobile Exploration via Actionable 3D Relational Object Graphcited by 4
  9. 2023Implicit Obstacle Map-driven Indoor Navigation Model for Robust Obstacle Avoidancecited by 3
  10. 2025Distilling LLM Prior to Flow Model for Generalizable Agent's Imagination in Object Goal Navigationcited by 3
  11. 2024Leveraging Large Language Model-based Room-Object Relationships Knowledge for Enhancing Multimodal-Input Object Goal Navigationcited by 2
  12. 2024Causality-Aware Transformer Networks for Robotic Navigationcited by 2
  13. 2024OpenObject-NAV: Open-Vocabulary Object-Oriented Navigation Based on Dynamic Carrier-Relationship Scene Graphcited by 2
  14. 2025LagMemo: Language 3D Gaussian Splatting Memory for Multi-modal Open-vocabulary Multi-goal Visual Navigationcited by 2
  15. 2024Diffusion as Reasoning: Enhancing Object Navigation via Diffusion Model Conditioned on LLM-based Object-Room Knowledgecited by 1
  16. 2025Efficient and Generalizable Environmental Understanding for Visual Navigationcited by 1
  17. 2025FOM-Nav: Frontier-Object Maps for Object Goal Navigationcited by 1
  18. 2026Hierarchical Semantic-Augmented Navigation: Optimal Transport and Graph-Driven Reasoning for Vision-Language Navigationcited by 1
  19. 2026MVP-Nav: Multi-layer Value Map Planner Navigatorcited by 1