Reading Text in the Wild with Convolutional Neural Networks
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this work we present an end-to-end system for text spotting -- localising and recognising text in natural scene images -- and text based image retrieval. This system is based on a region proposal mechanism for detection and deep convolutional neural networks for recognition. Our pipeline uses a novel combination of complementary proposal generation techniques to ensure high recall, and a fast subsequent filtering stage for improving precision. For the recognition and ranking of proposals, we train very large convolutional neural networks to perform word recognition on the whole proposal region at the same time, departing from the character classifier based systems of the past. These networks are trained solely on data produced by a synthetic text generation engine, requiring no human labelled data. Analysing the stages of our pipeline, we show state-of-the-art performance throughout. We perform rigorous experiments across a number of standard end-to-end text spotting benchmarks and text-based image retrieval datasets, showing a large improvement over all previous methods. Finally, we demonstrate a real-world application of our text spotting system to allow thousands of hours of news footage to be instantly searchable via a text query.
Key facts. Cited by 122 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Dec 2014.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 32; 2022: 33; 2023: 23; 2024: 18; 2025: 12; 2026: 4.
122 papers.
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- 2022GIT: A Generative Image-to-text Transformer for Vision and Languagecited by 536
- 2021Read Like Humans: Autonomous, Bidirectional and Iterative Language Modeling for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 194
- 2022Real-Time Scene Text Detection with Differentiable Binarization and Adaptive Scale Fusioncited by 94
- 2022SVTR: Scene Text Recognition with a Single Visual Modelcited by 86
- 2022SwinTextSpotter: Scene Text Spotting via Better Synergy between Text Detection and Text Recognitioncited by 70
- 2023SPTS v2: Single-Point Scene Text Spottingcited by 66
- 2023Conditional Text Image Generation with Diffusion Modelscited by 57
- 2021Benchmarking Chinese Text Recognition: Datasets, Baselines, and an Empirical Studycited by 52
- 2021Rethinking Text Line Recognition Modelscited by 45
- 2021SPTS: Single-Point Text Spottingcited by 45
- 2022Reading and Writing: Discriminative and Generative Modeling for Self-Supervised Text Recognitioncited by 45
- 2022Toward Understanding WordArt: Corner-Guided Transformer for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 45
38 more
- 2023Revisiting Scene Text Recognition: A Data Perspectivecited by 45
- 2021PIMNet: A Parallel, Iterative and Mimicking Network for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 41
- 2022Towards Weakly-Supervised Text Spotting using a Multi-Task Transformercited by 41
- 2022ABINet++: Autonomous, Bidirectional and Iterative Language Modeling for Scene Text Spottingcited by 40
- 2023DTrOCR: Decoder-only Transformer for Optical Character Recognitioncited by 40
- 2021Text Prior Guided Scene Text Image Super-resolutioncited by 37
- 2021CDistNet: Perceiving Multi-Domain Character Distance for Robust Text Recognitioncited by 36
- 2022Multi-Granularity Prediction for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 36
- 2022A Text Attention Network for Spatial Deformation Robust Scene Text Image Super-resolutioncited by 35
- 2022MaskOCR: Text Recognition with Masked Encoder-Decoder Pretrainingcited by 34
- 2022Optimal Boxes: Boosting End-to-End Scene Text Recognition by Adjusting Annotated Bounding Boxes via Reinforcement Learningcited by 33
- 2021Deep Learning-based Face Super-Resolution: A Surveycited by 32
- 2023ESTextSpotter: Towards Better Scene Text Spotting with Explicit Synergy in Transformercited by 29
- 2021Text Gestalt: Stroke-Aware Scene Text Image Super-Resolutioncited by 28
- 2022PreSTU: Pre-Training for Scene-Text Understandingcited by 27
- 2022SLOGAN: Handwriting Style Synthesis for Arbitrary-Length and Out-of-Vocabulary Textcited by 26
- 2021Visual Semantics Allow for Textual Reasoning Better in Scene Text Recognitioncited by 25
- 2022Levenshtein OCRcited by 24
- 2024Visual Text Generation in the Wildcited by 22
- 2026AgentOCR: Reimagining Agent History via Optical Self-Compressioncited by 22
- 2022SimAN: Exploring Self-Supervised Representation Learning of Scene Text via Similarity-Aware Normalizationcited by 21
- 2023Physical Adversarial Attacks For Camera-based Smart Systems: Current Trends, Categorization, Applications, Research Challenges, and Future Outlookcited by 20
- 2023Context Perception Parallel Decoder for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 19
- 2021A Multiplexed Network for End-to-End, Multilingual OCRcited by 18
- 2023Linguistic More: Taking a Further Step toward Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Recognitioncited by 18
- 2021Text is Text, No Matter What: Unifying Text Recognition using Knowledge Distillationcited by 17
- 2023A Benchmark for Chinese-English Scene Text Image Super-resolutioncited by 17
- 2024Instruction-Guided Scene Text Recognitioncited by 17
- 2021Scene Text Retrieval via Joint Text Detection and Similarity Learningcited by 15
- 2026Seeing is Coding: On the Effectiveness of Vision Language Models in Code Understandingcited by 13
- 2021Towards the Unseen: Iterative Text Recognition by Distilling from Errorscited by 12
- 2023IPAD: Iterative, Parallel, and Diffusion-based Network for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 12
- 2021Benchmarking Scene Text Recognition in Devanagari, Telugu and Malayalamcited by 11
- 2022SGBANet: Semantic GAN and Balanced Attention Network for Arbitrarily Oriented Scene Text Recognitioncited by 10
- 2021RewriteNet: Reliable Scene Text Editing with Implicit Decomposition of Text Contents and Stylescited by 9
- 2024Bridging the Gap Between End-to-End and Two-Step Text Spottingcited by 9
- 2022PageNet: Towards End-to-End Weakly Supervised Page-Level Handwritten Chinese Text Recognitioncited by 8
- 2022Scene Text Image Super-Resolution via Content Perceptual Loss and Criss-Cross Transformer Blockscited by 8
50 most cited of 122 All 122 (JSON)
- 2026Out-of-Length Scene Text Recognition: A Two-Axis Diagnosis and a Training-Free Fix25 Jul 2026
- 20262D Rotary Position Embedding for Scene Text Recognition with Transformers15 Jul 2026
- 2026Seeing is Coding: On the Effectiveness of Vision Language Models in Code Understanding2 Feb 2026
- 2026AgentOCR: Reimagining Agent History via Optical Self-Compression8 Jan 2026
- 2025Bharat Scene Text: A Novel Comprehensive Dataset and Benchmark for Indian Language Scene Text Understanding28 Nov 2025
- 2025OTSNet: A Neurocognitive-Inspired Observation-Thinking-Spelling Pipeline for Scene Text Recognition11 Nov 2025
- 2025LRANet++: Low-Rank Approximation Network for Accurate and Efficient Text Spotting8 Nov 2025
- 2025ClapperText: A Benchmark for Text Recognition in Low-Resource Archival Documents17 Oct 2025
- 2025Why Stop at Words? Unveiling the Bigger Picture through Line-Level OCR29 Aug 2025
- 2025Seeing the Signs: A Survey of Edge-Deployable OCR Models for Billboard Visibility Analysis15 Jul 2025
- 2025MSTAR: Box-free Multi-query Scene Text Retrieval with Attention Recycling12 Jun 2025
- 2025Syn3DTxt: Embedding 3D Cues for Scene Text Generation24 May 2025
38 more
- 2025The Devil is in Fine-tuning and Long-tailed Problems:A New Benchmark for Scene Text Detection21 May 2025
- 2025Linguistics-aware Masked Image Modeling for Self-supervised Scene Text Recognition24 Mar 2025
- 2025From Fragment to One Piece: A Survey on AI-Driven Graphic Design24 Mar 2025
- 2025Invizo: Arabic Handwritten Document Optical Character Recognition Solution7 Feb 2025
- 2024Partial Scene Text Retrieval15 Nov 2024
- 2024CodeSCAN: ScreenCast ANalysis for Video Programming Tutorials27 Sep 2024
- 2024VL-Reader: Vision and Language Reconstructor is an Effective Scene Text Recognizer18 Sep 2024
- 2024Decoder Pre-Training with only Text for Scene Text Recognition11 Aug 2024
- 2024Focus, Distinguish, and Prompt: Unleashing CLIP for Efficient and Flexible Scene Text Retrieval1 Aug 2024
- 2024WeCromCL: Weakly Supervised Cross-Modality Contrastive Learning for Transcription-only Supervised Text Spotting28 Jul 2024
- 2024Visual Text Generation in the Wild19 Jul 2024
- 2024Focus on the Whole Character: Discriminative Character Modeling for Scene Text Recognition8 Jul 2024
- 2024Ultra-Fast Adaptive Track Detection Network22 May 2024
- 2024Automated Text Mining of Experimental Methodologies from Biomedical Literature21 Apr 2024
- 2024JSTR: Judgment Improves Scene Text Recognition9 Apr 2024
- 2024Bridging the Gap Between End-to-End and Two-Step Text Spotting6 Apr 2024
- 2024Ensemble Learning for Vietnamese Scene Text Spotting in Urban Environments1 Apr 2024
- 2024Lumos : Empowering Multimodal LLMs with Scene Text Recognition12 Feb 2024
- 2024Instruction-Guided Scene Text Recognition31 Jan 2024
- 2024EK-Net:Real-time Scene Text Detection with Expand Kernel Distance22 Jan 2024
- 2024SVIPTR: Fast and Efficient Scene Text Recognition with Vision Permutable Extractor18 Jan 2024
- 2024SwinTextSpotter v2: Towards Better Synergy for Scene Text Spotting15 Jan 2024
- 2023IPAD: Iterative, Parallel, and Diffusion-based Network for Scene Text Recognition19 Dec 2023
- 2023Enhancing Scene Text Detectors with Realistic Text Image Synthesis Using Diffusion Models28 Nov 2023
- 2023Towards Detecting, Recognizing, and Parsing the Address Information from Bangla Signboard: A Deep Learning-based Approach22 Nov 2023
- 2023Traffic Sign Interpretation in Real Road Scene17 Nov 2023
- 2023Harnessing the Power of Multi-Lingual Datasets for Pre-training: Towards Enhancing Text Spotting Performance2 Oct 2023
- 2023Pixel Adapter: A Graph-Based Post-Processing Approach for Scene Text Image Super-Resolution16 Sep 2023
- 2023DTrOCR: Decoder-only Transformer for Optical Character Recognition30 Aug 2023
- 2023bbOCR: An Open-source Multi-domain OCR Pipeline for Bengali Documents21 Aug 2023
- 2023ESTextSpotter: Towards Better Scene Text Spotting with Explicit Synergy in Transformer20 Aug 2023
- 2023Physical Adversarial Attacks For Camera-based Smart Systems: Current Trends, Categorization, Applications, Research Challenges, and Future Outlook11 Aug 2023
- 2023A Benchmark for Chinese-English Scene Text Image Super-resolution7 Aug 2023
- 2023Multi-Granularity Prediction with Learnable Fusion for Scene Text Recognition25 Jul 2023
- 2023Context Perception Parallel Decoder for Scene Text Recognition23 Jul 2023
- 2023Revisiting Scene Text Recognition: A Data Perspective17 Jul 2023
- 2023DiffusionSTR: Diffusion Model for Scene Text Recognition29 Jun 2023
- 2023Conditional Text Image Generation with Diffusion Models19 Jun 2023
50 newest of 122 All 122 (JSON)
- 2022GIT: A Generative Image-to-text Transformer for Vision and Languagecited by 536
- 2021Read Like Humans: Autonomous, Bidirectional and Iterative Language Modeling for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 194
- 2022Real-Time Scene Text Detection with Differentiable Binarization and Adaptive Scale Fusioncited by 94
- 2022SVTR: Scene Text Recognition with a Single Visual Modelcited by 86
- 2022SwinTextSpotter: Scene Text Spotting via Better Synergy between Text Detection and Text Recognitioncited by 70
- 2023SPTS v2: Single-Point Scene Text Spottingcited by 66
- 2021Benchmarking Chinese Text Recognition: Datasets, Baselines, and an Empirical Studycited by 52
- 2021Rethinking Text Line Recognition Modelscited by 45
- 2021SPTS: Single-Point Text Spottingcited by 45
- 2022Reading and Writing: Discriminative and Generative Modeling for Self-Supervised Text Recognitioncited by 45
- 2022Toward Understanding WordArt: Corner-Guided Transformer for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 45
- 2023Revisiting Scene Text Recognition: A Data Perspectivecited by 45
12 most cited of 116 All 116 (JSON)
- 2026Out-of-Length Scene Text Recognition: A Two-Axis Diagnosis and a Training-Free Fix25 Jul 2026
- 20262D Rotary Position Embedding for Scene Text Recognition with Transformers15 Jul 2026
- 2025Bharat Scene Text: A Novel Comprehensive Dataset and Benchmark for Indian Language Scene Text Understanding28 Nov 2025
- 2025OTSNet: A Neurocognitive-Inspired Observation-Thinking-Spelling Pipeline for Scene Text Recognition11 Nov 2025
- 2025LRANet++: Low-Rank Approximation Network for Accurate and Efficient Text Spotting8 Nov 2025
- 2025ClapperText: A Benchmark for Text Recognition in Low-Resource Archival Documents17 Oct 2025
- 2025Why Stop at Words? Unveiling the Bigger Picture through Line-Level OCR29 Aug 2025
- 2025Seeing the Signs: A Survey of Edge-Deployable OCR Models for Billboard Visibility Analysis15 Jul 2025
- 2025MSTAR: Box-free Multi-query Scene Text Retrieval with Attention Recycling12 Jun 2025
- 2025Syn3DTxt: Embedding 3D Cues for Scene Text Generation24 May 2025
- 2025The Devil is in Fine-tuning and Long-tailed Problems:A New Benchmark for Scene Text Detection21 May 2025
- 2025Linguistics-aware Masked Image Modeling for Self-supervised Scene Text Recognition24 Mar 2025
12 newest of 116 All 116 (JSON)