mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Reading Text in the Wild with Convolutional Neural Networks

arXiv 1412.1842 ↗First posted 4 Dec 2014cs.CVcited by 122

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this work we present an end-to-end system for text spotting -- localising and recognising text in natural scene images -- and text based image retrieval. This system is based on a region proposal mechanism for detection and deep convolutional neural networks for recognition. Our pipeline uses a novel combination of complementary proposal generation techniques to ensure high recall, and a fast subsequent filtering stage for improving precision. For the recognition and ranking of proposals, we train very large convolutional neural networks to perform word recognition on the whole proposal region at the same time, departing from the character classifier based systems of the past. These networks are trained solely on data produced by a synthetic text generation engine, requiring no human labelled data. Analysing the stages of our pipeline, we show state-of-the-art performance throughout. We perform rigorous experiments across a number of standard end-to-end text spotting benchmarks and text-based image retrieval datasets, showing a large improvement over all previous methods. Finally, we demonstrate a real-world application of our text spotting system to allow thousands of hours of news footage to be instantly searchable via a text query.

Key facts. Cited by 122 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Dec 2014.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 32; 2022: 33; 2023: 23; 2024: 18; 2025: 12; 2026: 4.

122 papers.

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  1. 2022GIT: A Generative Image-to-text Transformer for Vision and Languagecited by 536
  2. 2021Read Like Humans: Autonomous, Bidirectional and Iterative Language Modeling for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 194
  3. 2022Real-Time Scene Text Detection with Differentiable Binarization and Adaptive Scale Fusioncited by 94
  4. 2022SVTR: Scene Text Recognition with a Single Visual Modelcited by 86
  5. 2022SwinTextSpotter: Scene Text Spotting via Better Synergy between Text Detection and Text Recognitioncited by 70
  6. 2023SPTS v2: Single-Point Scene Text Spottingcited by 66
  7. 2023Conditional Text Image Generation with Diffusion Modelscited by 57
  8. 2021Benchmarking Chinese Text Recognition: Datasets, Baselines, and an Empirical Studycited by 52
  9. 2021Rethinking Text Line Recognition Modelscited by 45
  10. 2021SPTS: Single-Point Text Spottingcited by 45
  11. 2022Reading and Writing: Discriminative and Generative Modeling for Self-Supervised Text Recognitioncited by 45
  12. 2022Toward Understanding WordArt: Corner-Guided Transformer for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 45
38 more
  1. 2023Revisiting Scene Text Recognition: A Data Perspectivecited by 45
  2. 2021PIMNet: A Parallel, Iterative and Mimicking Network for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 41
  3. 2022Towards Weakly-Supervised Text Spotting using a Multi-Task Transformercited by 41
  4. 2022ABINet++: Autonomous, Bidirectional and Iterative Language Modeling for Scene Text Spottingcited by 40
  5. 2023DTrOCR: Decoder-only Transformer for Optical Character Recognitioncited by 40
  6. 2021Text Prior Guided Scene Text Image Super-resolutioncited by 37
  7. 2021CDistNet: Perceiving Multi-Domain Character Distance for Robust Text Recognitioncited by 36
  8. 2022Multi-Granularity Prediction for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 36
  9. 2022A Text Attention Network for Spatial Deformation Robust Scene Text Image Super-resolutioncited by 35
  10. 2022MaskOCR: Text Recognition with Masked Encoder-Decoder Pretrainingcited by 34
  11. 2022Optimal Boxes: Boosting End-to-End Scene Text Recognition by Adjusting Annotated Bounding Boxes via Reinforcement Learningcited by 33
  12. 2021Deep Learning-based Face Super-Resolution: A Surveycited by 32
  13. 2023ESTextSpotter: Towards Better Scene Text Spotting with Explicit Synergy in Transformercited by 29
  14. 2021Text Gestalt: Stroke-Aware Scene Text Image Super-Resolutioncited by 28
  15. 2022PreSTU: Pre-Training for Scene-Text Understandingcited by 27
  16. 2022SLOGAN: Handwriting Style Synthesis for Arbitrary-Length and Out-of-Vocabulary Textcited by 26
  17. 2021Visual Semantics Allow for Textual Reasoning Better in Scene Text Recognitioncited by 25
  18. 2022Levenshtein OCRcited by 24
  19. 2024Visual Text Generation in the Wildcited by 22
  20. 2026AgentOCR: Reimagining Agent History via Optical Self-Compressioncited by 22
  21. 2022SimAN: Exploring Self-Supervised Representation Learning of Scene Text via Similarity-Aware Normalizationcited by 21
  22. 2023Physical Adversarial Attacks For Camera-based Smart Systems: Current Trends, Categorization, Applications, Research Challenges, and Future Outlookcited by 20
  23. 2023Context Perception Parallel Decoder for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 19
  24. 2021A Multiplexed Network for End-to-End, Multilingual OCRcited by 18
  25. 2023Linguistic More: Taking a Further Step toward Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Recognitioncited by 18
  26. 2021Text is Text, No Matter What: Unifying Text Recognition using Knowledge Distillationcited by 17
  27. 2023A Benchmark for Chinese-English Scene Text Image Super-resolutioncited by 17
  28. 2024Instruction-Guided Scene Text Recognitioncited by 17
  29. 2021Scene Text Retrieval via Joint Text Detection and Similarity Learningcited by 15
  30. 2026Seeing is Coding: On the Effectiveness of Vision Language Models in Code Understandingcited by 13
  31. 2021Towards the Unseen: Iterative Text Recognition by Distilling from Errorscited by 12
  32. 2023IPAD: Iterative, Parallel, and Diffusion-based Network for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 12
  33. 2021Benchmarking Scene Text Recognition in Devanagari, Telugu and Malayalamcited by 11
  34. 2022SGBANet: Semantic GAN and Balanced Attention Network for Arbitrarily Oriented Scene Text Recognitioncited by 10
  35. 2021RewriteNet: Reliable Scene Text Editing with Implicit Decomposition of Text Contents and Stylescited by 9
  36. 2024Bridging the Gap Between End-to-End and Two-Step Text Spottingcited by 9
  37. 2022PageNet: Towards End-to-End Weakly Supervised Page-Level Handwritten Chinese Text Recognitioncited by 8
  38. 2022Scene Text Image Super-Resolution via Content Perceptual Loss and Criss-Cross Transformer Blockscited by 8

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