OpenPrompt: An Open-source Framework for Prompt-learning
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Prompt-learning has become a new paradigm in modern natural language processing, which directly adapts pre-trained language models (PLMs) to cloze-style prediction, autoregressive modeling, or sequence to sequence generation, resulting in promising performances on various tasks. However, no standard implementation framework of prompt-learning is proposed yet, and most existing prompt-learning codebases, often unregulated, only provide limited implementations for specific scenarios. Since there are many details such as templating strategy, initializing strategy, and verbalizing strategy, etc. need to be considered in prompt-learning, practitioners face impediments to quickly adapting the desired prompt learning methods to their applications. In this paper, we present OpenPrompt, a unified easy-to-use toolkit to conduct prompt-learning over PLMs. OpenPrompt is a research-friendly framework that is equipped with efficiency, modularity, and extendibility, and its combinability allows the freedom to combine different PLMs, task formats, and prompting modules in a unified paradigm. Users could expediently deploy prompt-learning frameworks and evaluate the generalization of them on different NLP tasks without constraints. OpenPrompt is publicly released at url https://github.com/thunlp/OpenPrompt.
Key facts. Cited by 148 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Nov 2021.
Builds on
35 of 45 references.
References · 35
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
- 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,874
- 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,854
- 2019Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning for NLPcited by 4,195
- 2021Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generationcited by 3,878
- 2021The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuningcited by 3,769
- 2017A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for Sentence Understanding through Inferencecited by 2,665
23 more
- 2015Character-level Convolutional Networks for Text Classificationcited by 2,293
- 2021Pre-train, Prompt, and Predict: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Methods in Natural Language Processingcited by 2,222
- 2019Language Models as Knowledge Bases?cited by 1,922
- 2019SuperGLUE: A Stickier Benchmark for General-Purpose Language Understanding Systemscited by 1,718
- 2021Calibrate Before Use: Improving Few-Shot Performance of Language Modelscited by 1,371
- 2020Making Pre-trained Language Models Better Few-shot Learnerscited by 1,255
- 2020Exploiting Cloze Questions for Few Shot Text Classification and Natural Language Inferencecited by 934
- 2021Towards a Unified View of Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learningcited by 863
- 2021GPT Understands, Toocited by 715
- 2020Pre-trained Models for Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 504
- 2019MASS: Masked Sequence to Sequence Pre-training for Language Generationcited by 345
- 2021Pre-Trained Models: Past, Present and Futurecited by 319
- 2021PTR: Prompt Tuning with Rules for Text Classificationcited by 238
- 2021SPoT: Better Frozen Model Adaptation through Soft Prompt Transfercited by 235
- 2021PPT: Pre-trained Prompt Tuning for Few-shot Learningcited by 232
- 2021How Many Data Points is a Prompt Worth?cited by 197
- 2021Knowledgeable Prompt-tuning: Incorporating Knowledge into Prompt Verbalizer for Text Classificationcited by 183
- 2021Few-NERD: A Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition Datasetcited by 150
- 2021CrossFit: A Few-shot Learning Challenge for Cross-task Generalization in NLPcited by 142
- 2021Cutting Down on Prompts and Parameters: Simple Few-Shot Learning with Language Modelscited by 139
- 2021Why Do Pretrained Language Models Help in Downstream Tasks? An Analysis of Head and Prompt Tuningcited by 82
- 2019SemEval-2010 Task 8: Multi-Way Classification of Semantic Relations Between Pairs of Nominalscited by 63
- 2021Prompt-Learning for Fine-Grained Entity Typingcited by 62
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 36; 2023: 57; 2024: 37; 2025: 15; 2026: 3.
148 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2023Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formattingcited by 778
- 2023Hard Prompts Made Easy: Gradient-Based Discrete Optimization for Prompt Tuning and Discoverycited by 329
- 2022Is GPT-3 a Good Data Annotator?cited by 208
- 2022Delta Tuning: A Comprehensive Study of Parameter Efficient Methods for Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 179
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey of Few-shot Learning: Evolution, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 162
- 2022Evaluating and Inducing Personality in Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 122
- 2022Prompting Is Programming: A Query Language for Large Language Modelscited by 110
- 2023LLMaAA: Making Large Language Models as Active Annotatorscited by 78
- 2022A Survey of Knowledge Enhanced Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 76
- 2024NetLLM: Adapting Large Language Models for Networkingcited by 76
- 2022BadPrompt: Backdoor Attacks on Continuous Promptscited by 59
- 2022Legal Prompt Engineering for Multilingual Legal Judgement Predictioncited by 54
38 more
- 2022Prototypical Verbalizer for Prompt-based Few-shot Tuningcited by 53
- 2023Prompt Engineering for Healthcare: Methodologies and Applicationscited by 52
- 2024UnsafeBench: Benchmarking Image Safety Classifiers on Real-World and AI-Generated Imagescited by 52
- 2023OpenICL: An Open-Source Framework for In-context Learningcited by 51
- 2022Toward Human Readable Prompt Tuning: Kubrick's The Shining is a good movie, and a good prompt too?cited by 49
- 2022A Multi-Task Benchmark for Korean Legal Language Understanding and Judgement Predictioncited by 44
- 2022No More Fine-Tuning? An Experimental Evaluation of Prompt Tuning in Code Intelligencecited by 41
- 2023Gradient-based Parameter Selection for Efficient Fine-Tuningcited by 40
- 2022BigBIO: A Framework for Data-Centric Biomedical Natural Language Processingcited by 36
- 2022ORCA: Interpreting Prompted Language Models via Locating Supporting Data Evidence in the Ocean of Pretraining Datacited by 34
- 2022Fairness Reprogrammingcited by 33
- 2022XPrompt: Exploring the Extreme of Prompt Tuningcited by 30
- 2023Compress, Then Prompt: Improving Accuracy-Efficiency Trade-off of LLM Inference with Transferable Promptcited by 28
- 2022Chain of Explanation: New Prompting Method to Generate Higher Quality Natural Language Explanation for Implicit Hate Speechcited by 25
- 2023Language Model Analysis for Ontology Subsumption Inferencecited by 25
- 2022On the Compositional Generalization Gap of In-Context Learningcited by 24
- 2022Prompt-based Learning for Unpaired Image Captioningcited by 23
- 2023DiscoPrompt: Path Prediction Prompt Tuning for Implicit Discourse Relation Recognitioncited by 23
- 2022Pre-trained Language Models Can be Fully Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 22
- 2022ProQA: Structural Prompt-based Pre-training for Unified Question Answeringcited by 21
- 2023DeepOnto: A Python Package for Ontology Engineering with Deep Learningcited by 20
- 2022Clinical Prompt Learning with Frozen Language Modelscited by 19
- 2022Few-shot Named Entity Recognition with Entity-level Prototypical Network Enhanced by Dispersedly Distributed Prototypescited by 17
- 2025RSRefSeg 2: Decoupling Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation with Foundation Modelscited by 17
- 2022Cold-Start Data Selection for Few-shot Language Model Fine-tuning: A Prompt-Based Uncertainty Propagation Approachcited by 16
- 2024Retrieval-style In-Context Learning for Few-shot Hierarchical Text Classificationcited by 16
- 2025Prototype-Based Image Prompting for Weakly Supervised Histopathological Image Segmentationcited by 16
- 2023Effective Structured Prompting by Meta-Learning and Representative Verbalizercited by 14
- 2025Generative Models in Decision Making: A Surveycited by 14
- 2023ChatAgri: Exploring Potentials of ChatGPT on Cross-linguistic Agricultural Text Classificationcited by 13
- 2023CLEVA: Chinese Language Models EVAluation Platformcited by 13
- 2023Do PLMs Know and Understand Ontological Knowledge?cited by 13
- 2024Take Care of Your Prompt Bias! Investigating and Mitigating Prompt Bias in Factual Knowledge Extractioncited by 13
- 2024Prompt engineering paradigms for medical applications: scoping review and recommendations for better practicescited by 13
- 2023Dynamic Prompting: A Unified Framework for Prompt Tuningcited by 12
- 2023CitePrompt: Using Prompts to Identify Citation Intent in Scientific Paperscited by 12
- 2023Revisiting Prompt Engineering via Declarative Crowdsourcingcited by 12
- 2024LLMs in Biomedicine: A study on clinical Named Entity Recognitioncited by 12
50 most cited of 148 All 148 (JSON)
- 2026Behind the [MASK]: Disentangling Representation and Faithfulness in DAPF-Based Dementia Detection25 Aug 2026
- 2026Prompt as a Data Type: In-Database LLM Prompt Management and Rewriting23 Jul 2026
- 2026Automatic Generation of Highlights for Academic Paper Via Prompt-based Learning24 Jun 2026
- 2025MSME: A Multi-Stage Multi-Expert Framework for Zero-Shot Stance Detection4 Dec 2025
- 2025promptolution: A Unified, Modular Framework for Prompt Optimization2 Dec 2025
- 2025GD-FPS: Growth-Driven Feedforward Parameter Selection for Efficient Fine-Tuning31 Oct 2025
- 2025Kernelized Sparse Fine-Tuning with Bi-level Parameter Competition for Vision Models28 Oct 2025
- 2025Semantic-Preserving Cross-Style Visual Reasoning for Robust Multi-Modal Understanding in Large Vision-Language Models26 Oct 2025
- 2025Named Entity Recognition in COVID-19 tweets with Entity Knowledge Augmentation5 Oct 2025
- 2025RSRefSeg 2: Decoupling Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation with Foundation Models8 Jul 2025
- 2025Integration of Old and New Knowledge for Generalized Intent Discovery: A Consistency-driven Prototype-Prompting Framework10 Jun 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Self-Prompting SAM: A Prompt-Free Medical Image Segmentation Framework3 Jun 2025
38 more
- 2025An Empirical Study on Prompt Compression for Large Language Models24 Apr 2025
- 2025Prompt Optimization with Logged Bandit Data3 Apr 2025
- 2025Multi-Task Learning for Extracting Menstrual Characteristics from Clinical Notes31 Mar 2025
- 2025Prototype-Based Image Prompting for Weakly Supervised Histopathological Image Segmentation15 Mar 2025
- 2025A Survey of Automatic Prompt Optimization with Instruction-focused Heuristic-based Search Algorithm26 Feb 2025
- 2025Generative Models in Decision Making: A Survey24 Feb 2025
- 2024MOPO: Multi-Objective Prompt Optimization for Affective Text Generation17 Dec 2024
- 2024Keeping Experts in the Loop: Expert-Guided Optimization for Clinical Data Classification using Large Language Models3 Dec 2024
- 2024Expanding Sparse Tuning for Low Memory Usage4 Nov 2024
- 2024Findings of the Third Shared Task on Multilingual Coreference Resolution21 Oct 2024
- 2024Empirical Study of Mutual Reinforcement Effect and Application in Few-shot Text Classification Tasks via Prompt13 Oct 2024
- 2024ELICIT: LLM Augmentation via External In-Context Capability12 Oct 2024
- 2024Manual Verbalizer Enrichment for Few-Shot Text Classification8 Oct 2024
- 2024Persona Knowledge-Aligned Prompt Tuning Method for Online Debate5 Oct 2024
- 2024Re-examining Sexism and Misogyny Classification with Annotator Attitudes4 Oct 2024
- 2024SciPrompt: Knowledge-augmented Prompting for Fine-grained Categorization of Scientific Topics2 Oct 2024
- 2024Cross-Modal Augmentation for Few-Shot Multimodal Fake News Detection16 Jul 2024
- 2024A Multilingual Dataset and Empirical Validation for the Mutual Reinforcement Effect in Information Extraction15 Jul 2024
- 2024LoPT: Low-Rank Prompt Tuning for Parameter Efficient Language Models27 Jun 2024
- 2024Retrieval-style In-Context Learning for Few-shot Hierarchical Text Classification25 Jun 2024
- 2024Towards Infinite-Long Prefix in Transformer20 Jun 2024
- 2024Description Boosting for Zero-Shot Entity and Relation Classification4 Jun 2024
- 2024Safety Control of Service Robots with LLMs and Embodied Knowledge Graphs28 May 2024
- 2024UniDM: A Unified Framework for Data Manipulation with Large Language Models10 May 2024
- 2024APrompt4EM: Augmented Prompt Tuning for Generalized Entity Matching8 May 2024
- 2024UnsafeBench: Benchmarking Image Safety Classifiers on Real-World and AI-Generated Images6 May 2024
- 2024Prompt engineering paradigms for medical applications: scoping review and recommendations for better practices2 May 2024
- 2024Modeling Empathetic Alignment in Conversation2 May 2024
- 2024Relational Prompt-based Pre-trained Language Models for Social Event Detection12 Apr 2024
- 2024LLMs in Biomedicine: A study on clinical Named Entity Recognition10 Apr 2024
- 2024PCToolkit: A Unified Plug-and-Play Prompt Compression Toolkit of Large Language Models26 Mar 2024
- 2024Monotonic Paraphrasing Improves Generalization of Language Model Prompting24 Mar 2024
- 2024Event Temporal Relation Extraction based on Retrieval-Augmented on LLMs22 Mar 2024
- 2024Genetic Auto-prompt Learning for Pre-trained Code Intelligence Language Models20 Mar 2024
- 2024Take Care of Your Prompt Bias! Investigating and Mitigating Prompt Bias in Factual Knowledge Extraction15 Mar 2024
- 2024Fine-tuning vs Prompting, Can Language Models Understand Human Values?12 Mar 2024
- 2024RulePrompt: Weakly Supervised Text Classification with Prompting PLMs and Self-Iterative Logical Rules5 Mar 2024
- 2024Demonstrating Mutual Reinforcement Effect through Information Flow5 Mar 2024
50 newest of 148 All 148 (JSON)
- 2023TARGET: Template-Transferable Backdoor Attack Against Prompt-based NLP Models via GPT429 Nov 2023
- 2023Prompt Backdoors in Visual Prompt Learning11 Oct 2023
- 2022BadPrompt: Backdoor Attacks on Continuous Prompts27 Nov 2022
- 2023Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formattingcited by 778
- 2023Hard Prompts Made Easy: Gradient-Based Discrete Optimization for Prompt Tuning and Discoverycited by 329
- 2022Is GPT-3 a Good Data Annotator?cited by 208
- 2022Delta Tuning: A Comprehensive Study of Parameter Efficient Methods for Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 179
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey of Few-shot Learning: Evolution, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 162
- 2022Evaluating and Inducing Personality in Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 122
- 2022Prompting Is Programming: A Query Language for Large Language Modelscited by 110
- 2023LLMaAA: Making Large Language Models as Active Annotatorscited by 78
- 2022A Survey of Knowledge Enhanced Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 76
- 2024NetLLM: Adapting Large Language Models for Networkingcited by 76
- 2022Legal Prompt Engineering for Multilingual Legal Judgement Predictioncited by 54
- 2022Prototypical Verbalizer for Prompt-based Few-shot Tuningcited by 53
12 most cited of 140 All 140 (JSON)
- 2026Behind the [MASK]: Disentangling Representation and Faithfulness in DAPF-Based Dementia Detection25 Aug 2026
- 2026Prompt as a Data Type: In-Database LLM Prompt Management and Rewriting23 Jul 2026
- 2026Automatic Generation of Highlights for Academic Paper Via Prompt-based Learning24 Jun 2026
- 2025MSME: A Multi-Stage Multi-Expert Framework for Zero-Shot Stance Detection4 Dec 2025
- 2025promptolution: A Unified, Modular Framework for Prompt Optimization2 Dec 2025
- 2025GD-FPS: Growth-Driven Feedforward Parameter Selection for Efficient Fine-Tuning31 Oct 2025
- 2025Kernelized Sparse Fine-Tuning with Bi-level Parameter Competition for Vision Models28 Oct 2025
- 2025Named Entity Recognition in COVID-19 tweets with Entity Knowledge Augmentation5 Oct 2025
- 2025RSRefSeg 2: Decoupling Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation with Foundation Models8 Jul 2025
- 2025Integration of Old and New Knowledge for Generalized Intent Discovery: A Consistency-driven Prototype-Prompting Framework10 Jun 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Self-Prompting SAM: A Prompt-Free Medical Image Segmentation Framework3 Jun 2025
- 2025Prompt Optimization with Logged Bandit Data3 Apr 2025
12 newest of 140 All 140 (JSON)