mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

OpenPrompt: An Open-source Framework for Prompt-learning

arXiv 2111.01998 ↗First posted 3 Nov 2021cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 148

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Abstract (arXiv)

Prompt-learning has become a new paradigm in modern natural language processing, which directly adapts pre-trained language models (PLMs) to cloze-style prediction, autoregressive modeling, or sequence to sequence generation, resulting in promising performances on various tasks. However, no standard implementation framework of prompt-learning is proposed yet, and most existing prompt-learning codebases, often unregulated, only provide limited implementations for specific scenarios. Since there are many details such as templating strategy, initializing strategy, and verbalizing strategy, etc. need to be considered in prompt-learning, practitioners face impediments to quickly adapting the desired prompt learning methods to their applications. In this paper, we present OpenPrompt, a unified easy-to-use toolkit to conduct prompt-learning over PLMs. OpenPrompt is a research-friendly framework that is equipped with efficiency, modularity, and extendibility, and its combinability allows the freedom to combine different PLMs, task formats, and prompting modules in a unified paradigm. Users could expediently deploy prompt-learning frameworks and evaluate the generalization of them on different NLP tasks without constraints. OpenPrompt is publicly released at url https://github.com/thunlp/OpenPrompt.

Key facts. Cited by 148 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Nov 2021.

Builds on

35 of 45 references.

References · 35

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
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  9. 2019Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning for NLPcited by 4,195
  10. 2021Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generationcited by 3,878
  11. 2021The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuningcited by 3,769
  12. 2017A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for Sentence Understanding through Inferencecited by 2,665
23 more
  1. 2015Character-level Convolutional Networks for Text Classificationcited by 2,293
  2. 2021Pre-train, Prompt, and Predict: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Methods in Natural Language Processingcited by 2,222
  3. 2019Language Models as Knowledge Bases?cited by 1,922
  4. 2019SuperGLUE: A Stickier Benchmark for General-Purpose Language Understanding Systemscited by 1,718
  5. 2021Calibrate Before Use: Improving Few-Shot Performance of Language Modelscited by 1,371
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  8. 2021Towards a Unified View of Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learningcited by 863
  9. 2021GPT Understands, Toocited by 715
  10. 2020Pre-trained Models for Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 504
  11. 2019MASS: Masked Sequence to Sequence Pre-training for Language Generationcited by 345
  12. 2021Pre-Trained Models: Past, Present and Futurecited by 319
  13. 2021PTR: Prompt Tuning with Rules for Text Classificationcited by 238
  14. 2021SPoT: Better Frozen Model Adaptation through Soft Prompt Transfercited by 235
  15. 2021PPT: Pre-trained Prompt Tuning for Few-shot Learningcited by 232
  16. 2021How Many Data Points is a Prompt Worth?cited by 197
  17. 2021Knowledgeable Prompt-tuning: Incorporating Knowledge into Prompt Verbalizer for Text Classificationcited by 183
  18. 2021Few-NERD: A Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition Datasetcited by 150
  19. 2021CrossFit: A Few-shot Learning Challenge for Cross-task Generalization in NLPcited by 142
  20. 2021Cutting Down on Prompts and Parameters: Simple Few-Shot Learning with Language Modelscited by 139
  21. 2021Why Do Pretrained Language Models Help in Downstream Tasks? An Analysis of Head and Prompt Tuningcited by 82
  22. 2019SemEval-2010 Task 8: Multi-Way Classification of Semantic Relations Between Pairs of Nominalscited by 63
  23. 2021Prompt-Learning for Fine-Grained Entity Typingcited by 62

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 36; 2023: 57; 2024: 37; 2025: 15; 2026: 3.

148 papers.

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  1. 2023Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formattingcited by 778
  2. 2023Hard Prompts Made Easy: Gradient-Based Discrete Optimization for Prompt Tuning and Discoverycited by 329
  3. 2022Is GPT-3 a Good Data Annotator?cited by 208
  4. 2022Delta Tuning: A Comprehensive Study of Parameter Efficient Methods for Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 179
  5. 2022A Comprehensive Survey of Few-shot Learning: Evolution, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 162
  6. 2022Evaluating and Inducing Personality in Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 122
  7. 2022Prompting Is Programming: A Query Language for Large Language Modelscited by 110
  8. 2023LLMaAA: Making Large Language Models as Active Annotatorscited by 78
  9. 2022A Survey of Knowledge Enhanced Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 76
  10. 2024NetLLM: Adapting Large Language Models for Networkingcited by 76
  11. 2022BadPrompt: Backdoor Attacks on Continuous Promptscited by 59
  12. 2022Legal Prompt Engineering for Multilingual Legal Judgement Predictioncited by 54
38 more
  1. 2022Prototypical Verbalizer for Prompt-based Few-shot Tuningcited by 53
  2. 2023Prompt Engineering for Healthcare: Methodologies and Applicationscited by 52
  3. 2024UnsafeBench: Benchmarking Image Safety Classifiers on Real-World and AI-Generated Imagescited by 52
  4. 2023OpenICL: An Open-Source Framework for In-context Learningcited by 51
  5. 2022Toward Human Readable Prompt Tuning: Kubrick's The Shining is a good movie, and a good prompt too?cited by 49
  6. 2022A Multi-Task Benchmark for Korean Legal Language Understanding and Judgement Predictioncited by 44
  7. 2022No More Fine-Tuning? An Experimental Evaluation of Prompt Tuning in Code Intelligencecited by 41
  8. 2023Gradient-based Parameter Selection for Efficient Fine-Tuningcited by 40
  9. 2022BigBIO: A Framework for Data-Centric Biomedical Natural Language Processingcited by 36
  10. 2022ORCA: Interpreting Prompted Language Models via Locating Supporting Data Evidence in the Ocean of Pretraining Datacited by 34
  11. 2022Fairness Reprogrammingcited by 33
  12. 2022XPrompt: Exploring the Extreme of Prompt Tuningcited by 30
  13. 2023Compress, Then Prompt: Improving Accuracy-Efficiency Trade-off of LLM Inference with Transferable Promptcited by 28
  14. 2022Chain of Explanation: New Prompting Method to Generate Higher Quality Natural Language Explanation for Implicit Hate Speechcited by 25
  15. 2023Language Model Analysis for Ontology Subsumption Inferencecited by 25
  16. 2022On the Compositional Generalization Gap of In-Context Learningcited by 24
  17. 2022Prompt-based Learning for Unpaired Image Captioningcited by 23
  18. 2023DiscoPrompt: Path Prediction Prompt Tuning for Implicit Discourse Relation Recognitioncited by 23
  19. 2022Pre-trained Language Models Can be Fully Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 22
  20. 2022ProQA: Structural Prompt-based Pre-training for Unified Question Answeringcited by 21
  21. 2023DeepOnto: A Python Package for Ontology Engineering with Deep Learningcited by 20
  22. 2022Clinical Prompt Learning with Frozen Language Modelscited by 19
  23. 2022Few-shot Named Entity Recognition with Entity-level Prototypical Network Enhanced by Dispersedly Distributed Prototypescited by 17
  24. 2025RSRefSeg 2: Decoupling Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation with Foundation Modelscited by 17
  25. 2022Cold-Start Data Selection for Few-shot Language Model Fine-tuning: A Prompt-Based Uncertainty Propagation Approachcited by 16
  26. 2024Retrieval-style In-Context Learning for Few-shot Hierarchical Text Classificationcited by 16
  27. 2025Prototype-Based Image Prompting for Weakly Supervised Histopathological Image Segmentationcited by 16
  28. 2023Effective Structured Prompting by Meta-Learning and Representative Verbalizercited by 14
  29. 2025Generative Models in Decision Making: A Surveycited by 14
  30. 2023ChatAgri: Exploring Potentials of ChatGPT on Cross-linguistic Agricultural Text Classificationcited by 13
  31. 2023CLEVA: Chinese Language Models EVAluation Platformcited by 13
  32. 2023Do PLMs Know and Understand Ontological Knowledge?cited by 13
  33. 2024Take Care of Your Prompt Bias! Investigating and Mitigating Prompt Bias in Factual Knowledge Extractioncited by 13
  34. 2024Prompt engineering paradigms for medical applications: scoping review and recommendations for better practicescited by 13
  35. 2023Dynamic Prompting: A Unified Framework for Prompt Tuningcited by 12
  36. 2023CitePrompt: Using Prompts to Identify Citation Intent in Scientific Paperscited by 12
  37. 2023Revisiting Prompt Engineering via Declarative Crowdsourcingcited by 12
  38. 2024LLMs in Biomedicine: A study on clinical Named Entity Recognitioncited by 12

50 most cited of 148 All 148 (JSON)