mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Automated Fact-Checking: A Survey

arXiv 2109.11427 ↗First posted 23 Sep 2021cs.CLcited by 55

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

As online false information continues to grow, automated fact-checking has gained an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Researchers in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) have contributed to the task by building fact-checking datasets, devising automated fact-checking pipelines and proposing NLP methods to further research in the development of different components. This paper reviews relevant research on automated fact-checking covering both the claim detection and claim validation components.

Key facts. Cited by 55 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 46 of its 113 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Sep 2021.

Builds on

46 of 113 references.

References · 46

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
  3. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
  4. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
  5. 2019ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representationscited by 2,772
  6. 2015A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inferencecited by 1,837
  7. 2018FEVER: a large-scale dataset for Fact Extraction and VERificationcited by 1,362
  8. 2020Fact or Fiction: Verifying Scientific Claimscited by 546
  9. 2017Supervised Learning of Universal Sentence Representations from Natural Language Inference Datacited by 428
  10. 2017"Liar, Liar Pants on Fire": A New Benchmark Dataset for Fake News Detectioncited by 361
  11. 2019Multi-Task Deep Neural Networks for Natural Language Understandingcited by 349
  12. 2017Fake News Detection on Social Media: A Data Mining Perspectivecited by 334
34 more
  1. 2021Get Your Vitamin C! Robust Fact Verification with Contrastive Evidencecited by 222
  2. 2017Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning: A Survey and Interpretationcited by 195
  3. 2020CLIMATE-FEVER: A Dataset for Verification of Real-World Climate Claimscited by 195
  4. 2019MultiFC: A Real-World Multi-Domain Dataset for Evidence-Based Fact Checking of Claimscited by 169
  5. 2021FEVEROUS: Fact Extraction and VERification Over Unstructured and Structured informationcited by 166
  6. 2016Harnessing Deep Neural Networks with Logic Rulescited by 135
  7. 2018Combining Fact Extraction and Verification with Neural Semantic Matching Networkscited by 120
  8. 2018The Fact Extraction and VERification (FEVER) Shared Taskcited by 108
  9. 2017Detection and Resolution of Rumours in Social Media: A Surveycited by 103
  10. 2021COVID-Fact: Fact Extraction and Verification of Real-World Claims on COVID-19 Pandemiccited by 100
  11. 2018Automated Fact Checking: Task formulations, methods and future directionscited by 96
  12. 2020That is a Known Lie: Detecting Previously Fact-Checked Claimscited by 82
  13. 2017SemEval-2017 Task 8: RumourEval: Determining rumour veracity and support for rumourscited by 77
  14. 2018RumourEval 2019: Determining Rumour Veracity and Support for Rumourscited by 74
  15. 2019A Richly Annotated Corpus for Different Tasks in Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 74
  16. 2019Seeing Things from a Different Angle: Discovering Diverse Perspectives about Claimscited by 73
  17. 2018Towards Automated Factchecking: Developing an Annotation Schema and Benchmark for Consistent Automated Claim Detectioncited by 55
  18. 2018BioSentVec: creating sentence embeddings for biomedical textscited by 47
  19. 2020Scientific Claim Verification with VERT5ERINIcited by 47
  20. 2020Overview of CheckThat! 2020: Automatic Identification and Verification of Claims in Social Mediacited by 46
  21. 2018Overview of the CLEF-2018 CheckThat! Lab on Automatic Identification and Verification of Political Claims. Task 1: Check-Worthinesscited by 41
  22. 2016Stop Clickbait: Detecting and Preventing Clickbaits in Online News Mediacited by 39
  23. 2020Multi-Hop Fact Checking of Political Claimscited by 37
  24. 2020A Paragraph-level Multi-task Learning Model for Scientific Fact-Verificationcited by 29
  25. 2018ClaimRank: Detecting Check-Worthy Claims in Arabic and Englishcited by 27
  26. 2020A Benchmark Dataset of Check-worthy Factual Claimscited by 27
  27. 2015Discriminative Predicate Path Mining for Fact Checking in Knowledge Graphscited by 23
  28. 2020Accenture at CheckThat! 2020: If you say so: Post-hoc fact-checking of claims using transformer-based modelscited by 15
  29. 2019Team Papelo: Transformer Networks at FEVERcited by 11
  30. 2019Automatic Fact-Checking Using Context and Discourse Informationcited by 11
  31. 2020Exploring End-to-End Differentiable Natural Logic Modelingcited by 9
  32. 2021QMUL-SDS at SCIVER: Step-by-Step Binary Classification for Scientific Claim Verificationcited by 6
  33. 2019Designing a Symbolic Intermediate Representation for Neural Surface Realizationcited by 4
  34. 2020Checkworthiness in Automatic Claim Detection Models: Definitions and Analysis of Datasetscited by 2

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 12; 2023: 14; 2024: 14; 2025: 10; 2026: 5.

55 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2023Scientific Fact-Checking: A Survey of Resources and Approachescited by 53
  2. 2023Multimodal Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 51
  3. 2022Stretching Sentence-pair NLI Models to Reason over Long Documents and Clusterscited by 44
  4. 2024Claim Detection for Automated Fact-checking: A Survey on Monolingual, Multilingual and Cross-Lingual Researchcited by 35
  5. 2023Self-Checker: Plug-and-Play Modules for Fact-Checking with Large Language Modelscited by 31
  6. 2023The Perils & Promises of Fact-checking with Large Language Modelscited by 31
  7. 2024Claim Verification in the Age of Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 23
  8. 2023Fact-checking information from large language models can decrease headline discernmentcited by 22
  9. 2024QuanTemp: A real-world open-domain benchmark for fact-checking numerical claimscited by 22
  10. 2024Generative Large Language Models in Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 19
  11. 2023Read it Twice: Towards Faithfully Interpretable Fact Verification by Revisiting Evidencecited by 17
  12. 2025Zero-shot and Few-shot Learning with Instruction-following LLMs for Claim Matching in Automated Fact-checkingcited by 12
38 more
  1. 2025SemEval-2025 Task 7: Multilingual and Crosslingual Fact-Checked Claim Retrievalcited by 11
  2. 2022Monant Medical Misinformation Dataset: Mapping Articles to Fact-Checked Claimscited by 10
  3. 2024Comparing Knowledge Sources for Open-Domain Scientific Claim Verificationcited by 10
  4. 2023Are Large Language Models Good Fact Checkers: A Preliminary Studycited by 8
  5. 2022Autonomation, Not Automation: Activities and Needs of European Fact-checkers as a Basis for Designing Human-Centered AI Systemscited by 7
  6. 2023Implicit Temporal Reasoning for Evidence-Based Fact-Checkingcited by 7
  7. 2022CsFEVER and CTKFacts: Acquiring Czech data for fact verificationcited by 6
  8. 2022Datavoidant: An AI System for Addressing Political Data Voids on Social Mediacited by 6
  9. 2024FactFinders at CheckThat! 2024: Refining Check-worthy Statement Detection with LLMs through Data Pruningcited by 6
  10. 2025The Next Phase of Scientific Fact-Checking: Advanced Evidence Retrieval from Complex Structured Academic Paperscited by 6
  11. 2022Natural Language Inference with Self-Attention for Veracity Assessment of Pandemic Claimscited by 5
  12. 2022Active PETs: Active Data Annotation Prioritisation for Few-Shot Claim Verification with Pattern Exploiting Trainingcited by 5
  13. 2022ProVe: A Pipeline for Automated Provenance Verification of Knowledge Graphs against Textual Sourcescited by 5
  14. 2023Challenges in Domain-Specific Abstractive Summarization and How to Overcome themcited by 5
  15. 2023Breaking Language Barriers with MMTweets: Advancing Cross-Lingual Debunked Narrative Retrieval for Fact-Checkingcited by 5
  16. 2023Automated Fact-Checking in Dialogue: Are Specialized Models Needed?cited by 5
  17. 2024MAPLE: Micro Analysis of Pairwise Language Evolution for Few-Shot Claim Verificationcited by 5
  18. 2024FactGenius: Combining Zero-Shot Prompting and Fuzzy Relation Mining to Improve Fact Verification with Knowledge Graphscited by 4
  19. 2024Exploring Factual Entailment with NLI: A News Media Studycited by 4
  20. 2025From Knowledge Generation to Knowledge Verification: Examining the BioMedical Generative Capabilities of ChatGPTcited by 4
  21. 2024Diverse, but Divisive: LLMs Can Exaggerate Gender Differences in Opinion Related to Harms of Misinformationcited by 3
  22. 2025Entity-aware Cross-lingual Claim Detection for Automated Fact-checkingcited by 3
  23. 2022Cross-lingual Transfer Learning for Check-worthy Claim Identification over Twittercited by 2
  24. 2022Check-worthy Claim Detection across Topics for Automated Fact-checkingcited by 2
  25. 2025Large Language Models Require Curated Context for Reliable Political Fact-Checking -- Even with Reasoning and Web Searchcited by 2
  26. 2022Aggregating Pairwise Semantic Differences for Few-Shot Claim Veracity Classificationcited by 1
  27. 2023SciFix: Outperforming GPT3 on Scientific Factual Error Correctioncited by 1
  28. 2023Validating ChatGPT Facts through RDF Knowledge Graphs and Sentence Similaritycited by 1
  29. 2024Synergizing Machine Learning & Symbolic Methods: A Survey on Hybrid Approaches to Natural Language Processingcited by 1
  30. 2024Enhancing Natural Language Inference Performance with Knowledge Graph for COVID-19 Automated Fact-Checking in Indonesian Languagecited by 1
  31. 2025Entailed Opinion Matters: Improving the Fact-Checking Performance of Language Models by Relying on their Entailment Abilitycited by 1
  32. 2022GPTs at Factify 2022: Prompt Aided Fact-Verificationcited by 0
  33. 2023NewsQuote: A Dataset Built on Quote Extraction and Attribution for Expert Recommendation in Fact-Checkingcited by 0
  34. 2024Fact Checking Beyond Training Setcited by 0
  35. 2024IAI Group at CheckThat! 2024: Transformer Models and Data Augmentation for Checkworthy Claim Detectioncited by 0
  36. 2025ALPET: Active Few-shot Learning for Citation Worthiness Detection in Low-Resource Wikipedia Languagescited by 0
  37. 2025Enhancing Multi-Hop Fact Verification with Structured Knowledge-Augmented Large Language Modelscited by 0
  38. 2025Agent-based Automated Claim Matching with Instruction-following LLMscited by 0

50 most cited of 55 All 55 (JSON)