mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

SPARQA: Skeleton-based Semantic Parsing for Complex Questions over Knowledge Bases

arXiv 2003.13956 ↗First posted 31 Mar 2020cs.CL cs.AIcited by 47

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Abstract (arXiv)

Semantic parsing transforms a natural language question into a formal query over a knowledge base. Many existing methods rely on syntactic parsing like dependencies. However, the accuracy of producing such expressive formalisms is not satisfying on long complex questions. In this paper, we propose a novel skeleton grammar to represent the high-level structure of a complex question. This dedicated coarse-grained formalism with a BERT-based parsing algorithm helps to improve the accuracy of the downstream fine-grained semantic parsing. Besides, to align the structure of a question with the structure of a knowledge base, our multi-strategy method combines sentence-level and word-level semantics. Our approach shows promising performance on several datasets.

Key facts. Cited by 47 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 31 Mar 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 12; 2023: 13; 2024: 8; 2025: 3; 2026: 4.

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  1. 2023Reasoning on Graphs: Faithful and Interpretable Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 328
  2. 2024GNN-RAG: Graph Neural Retrieval for Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 128
  3. 2023Knowledge-Driven CoT: Exploring Faithful Reasoning in LLMs for Knowledge-intensive Question Answeringcited by 97
  4. 2022Subgraph Retrieval Enhanced Model for Multi-hop Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 93
  5. 2021RnG-KBQA: Generation Augmented Iterative Ranking for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 86
  6. 2021A Survey on Complex Knowledge Base Question Answering: Methods, Challenges and Solutionscited by 78
  7. 2023Few-shot In-context Learning for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 74
  8. 2024Think-on-Graph 2.0: Deep and Faithful Large Language Model Reasoning with Knowledge-guided Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 64
  9. 2024Generate-on-Graph: Treat LLM as both Agent and KG in Incomplete Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 60
  10. 2022Don't Generate, Discriminate: A Proposal for Grounding Language Models to Real-World Environmentscited by 57
  11. 2021Complex Knowledge Base Question Answering: A Surveycited by 52
  12. 2023KnowledGPT: Enhancing Large Language Models with Retrieval and Storage Access on Knowledge Basescited by 52
35 more
  1. 2022ArcaneQA: Dynamic Program Induction and Contextualized Encoding for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 48
  2. 2024FiDeLiS: Faithful Reasoning in Large Language Model for Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 39
  3. 2022Modern Baselines for SPARQL Semantic Parsingcited by 34
  4. 2023HyKGE: A Hypothesis Knowledge Graph Enhanced Framework for Accurate and Reliable Medical LLMs Responsescited by 25
  5. 2022Knowledge Base Question Answering: A Semantic Parsing Perspectivecited by 22
  6. 2023FC-KBQA: A Fine-to-Coarse Composition Framework for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 21
  7. 2023Bridging the KB-Text Gap: Leveraging Structured Knowledge-aware Pre-training for KBQAcited by 17
  8. 2024LLMs Know What They Need: Leveraging a Missing Information Guided Framework to Empower Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 17
  9. 2022Uni-Parser: Unified Semantic Parser for Question Answering on Knowledge Base and Databasecited by 16
  10. 2022CAKE: A Scalable Commonsense-Aware Framework For Multi-View Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 13
  11. 2022GraphQ IR: Unifying the Semantic Parsing of Graph Query Languages with One Intermediate Representationcited by 13
  12. 2023Code-Style In-Context Learning for Knowledge-Based Question Answeringcited by 13
  13. 2023Reasoning over Hierarchical Question Decomposition Tree for Explainable Question Answeringcited by 11
  14. 2023DORIS-MAE: Scientific Document Retrieval using Multi-level Aspect-based Queriescited by 11
  15. 2025BYOKG-RAG: Multi-Strategy Graph Retrieval for Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 10
  16. 2023FiTs: Fine-grained Two-stage Training for Knowledge-aware Question Answeringcited by 8
  17. 2021Graph-augmented Learning to Rank for Querying Large-scale Knowledge Graphcited by 7
  18. 2023Pay More Attention to Relation Exploration for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 7
  19. 2022A Novel DeBERTa-based Model for Financial Question Answering Taskcited by 5
  20. 2022Unveiling the Black Box of PLMs with Semantic Anchors: Towards Interpretable Neural Semantic Parsingcited by 5
  21. 2021Injecting Numerical Reasoning Skills into Knowledge Base Question Answering Modelscited by 4
  22. 2023Data Distribution Bottlenecks in Grounding Language Models to Knowledge Basescited by 3
  23. 2025Beyond Chains: Bridging Large Language Models and Knowledge Bases in Complex Question Answeringcited by 3
  24. 2025KBQA-R1: Reinforcing Large Language Models for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 3
  25. 2021Fact-Tree Reasoning for N-ary Question Answering over Knowledge Graphscited by 2
  26. 2024RAGONITE: Iterative Retrieval on Induced Databases and Verbalized RDF for Conversational QA over KGs with RAGcited by 1
  27. 2026GAPD: Gold-Action Policy Distillation for Agentic Reinforcement Learning in Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 1
  28. 2021Few-shot Multi-hop Question Answering over Knowledge Basecited by 0
  29. 2022Better Query Graph Selection for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 0
  30. 2022A Method of Query Graph Reranking for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 0
  31. 2024CARE: A Clue-guided Assistant for CSRs to Read User Manualscited by 0
  32. 2024A Pluggable Common Sense-Enhanced Framework for Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 0
  33. 2026STEM: Structure-Tracing Evidence Mining for Knowledge Graphs-Driven Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 0
  34. 2026Towards Researcher Agents for Knowledge-Graph Question Answeringcited by 0
  35. 2026Enabling Knowledge Graph Understanding at Scale with the EXplore Your Graphs ENgine (EXYGEN)cited by 0