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Packed Levitated Marker for Entity and Relation Extraction

arXiv 2109.06067 ↗First posted 13 Sep 2021cs.CLcited by 49

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent entity and relation extraction works focus on investigating how to obtain a better span representation from the pre-trained encoder. However, a major limitation of existing works is that they ignore the interrelation between spans (pairs). In this work, we propose a novel span representation approach, named Packed Levitated Markers (PL-Marker), to consider the interrelation between the spans (pairs) by strategically packing the markers in the encoder. In particular, we propose a neighborhood-oriented packing strategy, which considers the neighbor spans integrally to better model the entity boundary information. Furthermore, for those more complicated span pair classification tasks, we design a subject-oriented packing strategy, which packs each subject and all its objects to model the interrelation between the same-subject span pairs. The experimental results show that, with the enhanced marker feature, our model advances baselines on six NER benchmarks, and obtains a 4.1%-4.3% strict relation F1 improvement with higher speed over previous state-of-the-art models on ACE04 and ACE05.

Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 47 of its 62 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Sep 2021.

Builds on

47 of 62 references.

References · 47

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35 more
  1. 2019KEPLER: A Unified Model for Knowledge Embedding and Pre-trained Language Representationcited by 356
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  17. 2021A Unified Generative Framework for Various NER Subtaskscited by 141
  18. 2019Pretrained Encyclopedia: Weakly Supervised Knowledge-Pretrained Language Modelcited by 102
  19. 2019Entity-Relation Extraction as Multi-Turn Question Answeringcited by 96
  20. 2019A General Framework for Information Extraction using Dynamic Span Graphscited by 93
  21. 2019Coreference Resolution as Query-based Span Predictioncited by 91
  22. 2020Two are Better than One: Joint Entity and Relation Extraction with Table-Sequence Encoderscited by 87
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 7; 2023: 23; 2024: 8; 2025: 7; 2026: 4.

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  2. 2023LLMs for Knowledge Graph Construction and Reasoning: Recent Capabilities and Future Opportunitiescited by 97
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  5. 2022Autoregressive Structured Prediction with Language Modelscited by 43
  6. 2025Transforming Science with Large Language Models: A Survey on AI-assisted Scientific Discovery, Experimentation, Content Generation, and Evaluationcited by 41
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  8. 2022Named Entity Recognition in Indian court judgmentscited by 26
  9. 2023mCL-NER: Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition via Multi-view Contrastive Learningcited by 14
  10. 2022This is the way: designing and compiling LEPISZCZE, a comprehensive NLP benchmark for Polishcited by 13
  11. 2025Unveiling the Merits and Defects of LLMs in Automatic Review Generation for Scientific Paperscited by 12
  12. 2023Text2NKG: Fine-Grained N-ary Relation Extraction for N-ary relational Knowledge Graph Constructioncited by 11
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  4. 2023Unified Text Structuralization with Instruction-tuned Language Modelscited by 8
  5. 2023FSUIE: A Novel Fuzzy Span Mechanism for Universal Information Extractioncited by 7
  6. 2023UniEX: An Effective and Efficient Framework for Unified Information Extraction via a Span-extractive Perspectivecited by 6
  7. 2023Informed Named Entity Recognition Decoding for Generative Language Modelscited by 6
  8. 2023Split-NER: Named Entity Recognition via Two Question-Answering-based Classificationscited by 6
  9. 2024Context-Enhanced Language Models for Generating Multi-Paper Citationscited by 5
  10. 2024GAMedX: Generative AI-based Medical Entity Data Extractor Using Large Language Modelscited by 5
  11. 2024KG-CTG: Citation Generation through Knowledge Graph-guided Large Language Modelscited by 4
  12. 2023Enhancing Contrastive Learning with Noise-Guided Attack: Towards Continual Relation Extraction in the Wildcited by 3
  13. 2022Generalizing through Forgetting -- Domain Generalization for Symptom Event Extraction in Clinical Notescited by 2
  14. 2023Parmesan: mathematical concept extraction for educationcited by 2
  15. 2024PEneo: Unifying Line Extraction, Line Grouping, and Entity Linking for End-to-end Document Pair Extractioncited by 2
  16. 2025Beyond path selection: Better LLMs for Scientific Information Extraction with MimicSFT and Relevance and Rule-induced(R2)GRPOcited by 2
  17. 2025Trusted Knowledge Extraction for Operations and Maintenance Intelligencecited by 2
  18. 2022Modeling Instance Interactions for Joint Information Extraction with Neural High-Order Conditional Random Fieldcited by 1
  19. 2023Unleashing the True Potential of Sequence-to-Sequence Models for Sequence Tagging and Structure Parsingcited by 1
  20. 2023Generative Meta-Learning for Zero-Shot Relation Triplet Extractioncited by 1
  21. 2023Comparing and combining some popular NER approaches on Biomedical taskscited by 1
  22. 2023HyperPIE: Hyperparameter Information Extraction from Scientific Publicationscited by 1
  23. 2024CACER: Clinical Concept Annotations for Cancer Events and Relationscited by 1
  24. 2024DiMB-RE: Mining the Scientific Literature for Diet-Microbiome Associationscited by 1
  25. 2023UNTER: A Unified Knowledge Interface for Enhancing Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 0
  26. 2023Dealing with negative samples with multi-task learning on span-based joint entity-relation extractioncited by 0
  27. 2023Do the Benefits of Joint Models for Relation Extraction Extend to Document-level Tasks?cited by 0
  28. 2023Controlled Randomness Improves the Performance of Transformer Modelscited by 0
  29. 2023A Few-Shot Learning Focused Survey on Recent Named Entity Recognition and Relation Classification Methodscited by 0
  30. 2024A Two Dimensional Feature Engineering Method for Relation Extractioncited by 0
  31. 2024Few-shot Open Relation Extraction with Gaussian Prototype and Adaptive Margincited by 0
  32. 2025Hallucination-Resistant Relation Extraction via Dependency-Aware Sentence Simplification and Two-tiered Hierarchical Refinementcited by 0
  33. 2025Multi-Task Pre-Finetuning of Lightweight Transformer Encoders for Text Classification and NERcited by 0
  34. 2026Knowledge Augmented Entity and Relation Extraction for Legal Documents with Hypergraph Neural Networkcited by 0
  35. 2026HGNet: Scalable Foundation Model for Automated Knowledge Graph Generation from Scientific Literaturecited by 0
  36. 2026DistilledGemma: Balanced Efficiency-Accuracy for Person-Place Relation Extraction from Multilingual Historical Articlescited by 0
  37. 2026LA-RL: Label-Aware Self-Reflection for Reinforcement Learning in Information Extractioncited by 0