mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Instance-Based Learning of Span Representations: A Case Study through Named Entity Recognition

arXiv 2004.14514 ↗First posted 29 Apr 2020cs.CL cs.LGcited by 23

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Abstract (arXiv)

Interpretable rationales for model predictions play a critical role in practical applications. In this study, we develop models possessing interpretable inference process for structured prediction. Specifically, we present a method of instance-based learning that learns similarities between spans. At inference time, each span is assigned a class label based on its similar spans in the training set, where it is easy to understand how much each training instance contributes to the predictions. Through empirical analysis on named entity recognition, we demonstrate that our method enables to build models that have high interpretability without sacrificing performance.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Apr 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 10; 2023: 5; 2024: 3; 2025: 1.

23 papers.

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  1. 2021SpanNER: Named Entity Re-/Recognition as Span Predictioncited by 55
  2. 2021Packed Levitated Marker for Entity and Relation Extractioncited by 49
  3. 2022Named Entity Recognition in Indian court judgmentscited by 26
  4. 2022Optimizing Bi-Encoder for Named Entity Recognition via Contrastive Learningcited by 24
  5. 2022Decomposed Meta-Learning for Few-Shot Named Entity Recognitioncited by 22
  6. 2022Interpretability for Language Learners Using Example-Based Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 13
  7. 2023Improving Self-training for Cross-lingual Named Entity Recognition with Contrastive and Prototype Learningcited by 8
  8. 2023WojoodNER 2023: The First Arabic Named Entity Recognition Shared Taskcited by 6
  9. 2023Split-NER: Named Entity Recognition via Two Question-Answering-based Classificationscited by 6
  10. 2024WojoodNER 2024: The Second Arabic Named Entity Recognition Shared Taskcited by 6
  11. 2022Span Classification with Structured Information for Disfluency Detection in Spoken Utterancescited by 5
  12. 2021Larger-Context Tagging: When and Why Does It Work?cited by 4
11 more
  1. 2022Deep Span Representations for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 4
  2. 2024MedDec: A Dataset for Extracting Medical Decisions from Discharge Summariescited by 4
  3. 2021Instance-Based Neural Dependency Parsingcited by 3
  4. 2022DualNER: A Dual-Teaching framework for Zero-shot Cross-lingual Named Entity Recognitioncited by 3
  5. 2023Span-based Named Entity Recognition by Generating and Compressing Informationcited by 3
  6. 2022Win-Win Cooperation: Bundling Sequence and Span Models for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 2
  7. 2022An Empirical Study on Finding Spanscited by 2
  8. 2024To be Continuous, or to be Discrete, Those are Bits of Questionscited by 2
  9. 2023Unifying Token and Span Level Supervisions for Few-Shot Sequence Labelingcited by 1
  10. 2022Language Chameleon: Transformation analysis between languages using Cross-lingual Post-training based on Pre-trained language modelscited by 0
  11. 2025CodeNER: Code Prompting for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 0