mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Adaptive Normalized Representation Learning for Generalizable Face Anti-Spoofing

arXiv 2108.02667 ↗First posted 5 Aug 2021cs.CVcited by 49

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Abstract (arXiv)

With various face presentation attacks arising under unseen scenarios, face anti-spoofing (FAS) based on domain generalization (DG) has drawn growing attention due to its robustness. Most existing methods utilize DG frameworks to align the features to seek a compact and generalized feature space. However, little attention has been paid to the feature extraction process for the FAS task, especially the influence of normalization, which also has a great impact on the generalization of the learned representation. To address this issue, we propose a novel perspective of face anti-spoofing that focuses on the normalization selection in the feature extraction process. Concretely, an Adaptive Normalized Representation Learning (ANRL) framework is devised, which adaptively selects feature normalization methods according to the inputs, aiming to learn domain-agnostic and discriminative representation. Moreover, to facilitate the representation learning, Dual Calibration Constraints are designed, including Inter-Domain Compatible loss and Inter-Class Separable loss, which provide a better optimization direction for generalizable representation. Extensive experiments and visualizations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method against the SOTA competitors.

Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Aug 2021.

Builds on

29 of 50 references.

References · 29

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
  4. 2018Two at Once: Enhancing Learning and Generalization Capacities via IBN-Netcited by 361
  5. 2018Joint 3D Face Reconstruction and Dense Alignment with Position Map Regression Networkcited by 195
  6. 2020Searching Central Difference Convolutional Networks for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 173
  7. 2018Learning Deep Models for Face Anti-Spoofing: Binary or Auxiliary Supervisioncited by 167
  8. 2020Single-Side Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 139
  9. 2019Remote Heart Rate Measurement from Highly Compressed Facial Videos: an End-to-end Deep Learning Solution with Video Enhancementcited by 86
  10. 2019Regularized Fine-grained Meta Face Anti-spoofingcited by 86
  11. 2015face anti-spoofing based on color texture analysiscited by 82
  12. 2014Learn Convolutional Neural Network for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 80
17 more
  1. 2020Video-based Remote Physiological Measurement via Cross-verified Feature Disentanglingcited by 78
  2. 2018Batch-Instance Normalization for Adaptively Style-Invariant Neural Networkscited by 77
  3. 2020Meta Batch-Instance Normalization for Generalizable Person Re-Identificationcited by 77
  4. 2019Deep Tree Learning for Zero-shot Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 73
  5. 2020Deep Spatial Gradient and Temporal Depth Learning for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 70
  6. 2020Face Anti-Spoofing Via Disentangled Representation Learningcited by 65
  7. 2020Face Anti-Spoofing with Human Material Perceptioncited by 62
  8. 2020On Disentangling Spoof Trace for Generic Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 62
  9. 2019Frustratingly Easy Person Re-Identification: Generalizing Person Re-ID in Practicecited by 48
  10. 2021Dual-Cross Central Difference Network for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 47
  11. 2021Dual Reweighting Domain Generalization for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 47
  12. 2021Generalizable Representation Learning for Mixture Domain Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 46
  13. 2020Revisiting Pixel-Wise Supervision for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 45
  14. 2019Learning Meta Model for Zero- and Few-shot Face Anti-spoofingcited by 44
  15. 2020Multi-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing Based on Central Difference Networkscited by 36
  16. 2021Structure Destruction and Content Combination for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 18
  17. 2021Aurora Guard: Reliable Face Anti-Spoofing via Mobile Lighting Systemcited by 9

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 10; 2023: 13; 2024: 14; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.

49 papers.

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  1. 2022Domain Generalization via Shuffled Style Assembly for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 73
  2. 2022PatchNet: A Simple Face Anti-Spoofing Framework via Fine-Grained Patch Recognitioncited by 67
  3. 2023Rethinking Domain Generalization for Face Anti-spoofing: Separability and Alignmentcited by 47
  4. 2023FLIP: Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofing with Language Guidancecited by 45
  5. 2023Instance-Aware Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 42
  6. 2024CFPL-FAS: Class Free Prompt Learning for Generalizable Face Anti-spoofingcited by 39
  7. 2022Adaptive Transformers for Robust Few-shot Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofingcited by 38
  8. 2022Generative Domain Adaptation for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 33
  9. 2022Adaptive Mixture of Experts Learning for Generalizable Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 28
  10. 2024Gradient Alignment for Cross-Domain Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 26
  11. 2021Feature Generation and Hypothesis Verification for Reliable Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 23
  12. 2021Dual Spoof Disentanglement Generation for Face Anti-spoofing with Depth Uncertainty Learningcited by 20
37 more
  1. 2024Test-Time Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 20
  2. 20213D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection Challengecited by 18
  3. 2022Digital and Physical Face Attacks: Reviewing and One Step Furthercited by 17
  4. 2022ViTransPAD: Video Transformer using convolution and self-attention for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 14
  5. 2022One-Class Knowledge Distillation for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 12
  6. 2023Surveillance Face Anti-spoofingcited by 12
  7. 2023Rehearsal-Free Domain Continual Face Anti-Spoofing: Generalize More and Forget Lesscited by 12
  8. 2021Consistency Regularization for Deep Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 10
  9. 2023Domain Generalization Guided by Gradient Signal to Noise Ratio of Parameterscited by 9
  10. 2024Joint Physical-Digital Facial Attack Detection Via Simulating Spoofing Cluescited by 8
  11. 2025Domain Generalization for Face Anti-spoofing via Content-aware Composite Prompt Engineeringcited by 7
  12. 2024Generalized Face Anti-spoofing via Finer Domain Partition and Disentangling Liveness-irrelevant Factorscited by 6
  13. 2021Taming Self-Supervised Learning for Presentation Attack Detection: De-Folding and De-Mixingcited by 5
  14. 2022Generalized Face Anti-Spoofing via Multi-Task Learning and One-Side Meta Triplet Losscited by 5
  15. 2024Confidence Aware Learning for Reliable Face Anti-spoofingcited by 5
  16. 2025Optimal Transport-Guided Source-Free Adaptation for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 5
  17. 2024Generalized Face Liveness Detection via De-fake Face Generatorcited by 4
  18. 2024Adversarial Attacks on Both Face Recognition and Face Anti-spoofing Modelscited by 4
  19. 2026Benchmarking Vision Foundation Models for Domain-Generalizable Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 4
  20. 2023Liveness score-based regression neural networks for face anti-spoofingcited by 3
  21. 2024Unified Physical-Digital Attack Detection Challengecited by 3
  22. 2024Hyp-OC: Hyperbolic One Class Classification for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 3
  23. 2023Robust face anti-spoofing framework with Convolutional Vision Transformercited by 2
  24. 2023TeG-DG: Textually Guided Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 2
  25. 2024Rethinking the Threat and Accessibility of Adversarial Attacks against Face Recognition Systemscited by 2
  26. 2023EnfoMax: Domain Entropy and Mutual Information Maximization for Domain Generalized Face Anti-spoofingcited by 1
  27. 2023A Closer Look at Geometric Temporal Dynamics for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 1
  28. 2023Hyperbolic Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 1
  29. 2024Dual Teacher Knowledge Distillation with Domain Alignment for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 1
  30. 2024G2V2former: Graph Guided Video Vision Transformer for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 1
  31. 2025Group-wise Scaling and Orthogonal Decomposition for Domain-Invariant Feature Extraction in Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 1
  32. 2025Multi-View Slot Attention Using Paraphrased Texts for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 1
  33. 2022Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 0
  34. 2023FedSIS: Federated Split Learning with Intermediate Representation Sampling for Privacy-preserving Generalized Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 0
  35. 2024Advancing Cross-Domain Generalizability in Face Anti-Spoofing: Insights, Design, and Metricscited by 0
  36. 2025Generative Classifier for Domain Generalizationcited by 0
  37. 2026DINO-VPT: Hierarchical Visual Prompt Tuning for Joint Physical-Digital Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 0