mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Adaptive Mixture of Experts Learning for Generalizable Face Anti-Spoofing

arXiv 2207.09868 ↗First posted 20 Jul 2022cs.CVcited by 28

On the map: Mixture-of-experts → Vision mixture-of-experts

Abstract (arXiv)

With various face presentation attacks emerging continually, face anti-spoofing (FAS) approaches based on domain generalization (DG) have drawn growing attention. Existing DG-based FAS approaches always capture the domain-invariant features for generalizing on the various unseen domains. However, they neglect individual source domains' discriminative characteristics and diverse domain-specific information of the unseen domains, and the trained model is not sufficient to be adapted to various unseen domains. To address this issue, we propose an Adaptive Mixture of Experts Learning (AMEL) framework, which exploits the domain-specific information to adaptively establish the link among the seen source domains and unseen target domains to further improve the generalization. Concretely, Domain-Specific Experts (DSE) are designed to investigate discriminative and unique domain-specific features as a complement to common domain-invariant features. Moreover, Dynamic Expert Aggregation (DEA) is proposed to adaptively aggregate the complementary information of each source expert based on the domain relevance to the unseen target domain. And combined with meta-learning, these modules work collaboratively to adaptively aggregate meaningful domain-specific information for the various unseen target domains. Extensive experiments and visualizations demonstrate the effectiveness of our method against the state-of-the-art competitors.

Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Vision mixture-of-experts, one of 12 directions in Mixture-of-experts. Builds on 39 of its 72 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Jul 2022.

Builds on

39 of 72 references.

Closest ancestors · 3

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2021Generalizable Person Re-identification with Relevance-aware Mixture of Experts19 May
  2. 2018MoE-SPNet: A Mixture-of-Experts Scene Parsing Network19 Jun
  3. 2017Hard Mixtures of Experts for Large Scale Weakly Supervised Vision20 Apr

Other references · 36

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  2. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
  3. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
  4. 2021Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windowscited by 12,082
  5. 2017Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layercited by 3,413
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  8. 2018Joint 3D Face Reconstruction and Dense Alignment with Position Map Regression Networkcited by 195
  9. 2019Variational Mixture-of-Experts Autoencoders for Multi-Modal Deep Generative Modelscited by 177
  10. 2020Searching Central Difference Convolutional Networks for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 173
  11. 2018Learning Deep Models for Face Anti-Spoofing: Binary or Auxiliary Supervisioncited by 167
  12. 2020Domain Adaptive Ensemble Learningcited by 156
24 more
  1. 2020Single-Side Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 139
  2. 2019Remote Heart Rate Measurement from Highly Compressed Facial Videos: an End-to-end Deep Learning Solution with Video Enhancementcited by 86
  3. 2019Regularized Fine-grained Meta Face Anti-spoofingcited by 86
  4. 2015face anti-spoofing based on color texture analysiscited by 82
  5. 2014Learn Convolutional Neural Network for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 80
  6. 2020Video-based Remote Physiological Measurement via Cross-verified Feature Disentanglingcited by 78
  7. 2019Deep Tree Learning for Zero-shot Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 73
  8. 2020Deep Spatial Gradient and Temporal Depth Learning for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 70
  9. 2020Face Anti-Spoofing Via Disentangled Representation Learningcited by 65
  10. 2018Multi-Source Domain Adaptation with Mixture of Expertscited by 62
  11. 2020Face Anti-Spoofing with Human Material Perceptioncited by 62
  12. 2020On Disentangling Spoof Trace for Generic Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 62
  13. 2016Network of Experts for Large-Scale Image Categorizationcited by 54
  14. 2021Adaptive Normalized Representation Learning for Generalizable Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 49
  15. 2021Dual-Cross Central Difference Network for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 47
  16. 2021Dual Reweighting Domain Generalization for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 47
  17. 2021Generalizable Representation Learning for Mixture Domain Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 46
  18. 2020Revisiting Pixel-Wise Supervision for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 45
  19. 2020Multi-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing Based on Central Difference Networkscited by 36
  20. 2021Structure Destruction and Content Combination for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 18
  21. 2021Aurora Guard: Reliable Face Anti-Spoofing via Mobile Lighting Systemcited by 9
  22. 2019Enhance the Motion Cues for Face Anti-Spoofing using CNN-LSTM Architecturecited by 7
  23. 2022Local-Adaptive Face Recognition via Graph-based Meta-Clustering and Regularized Adaptationcited by 7
  24. 2021A Compact Deep Learning Model for Face Spoofing Detectioncited by 3

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 6; 2024: 12; 2025: 8; 2026: 1.

28 papers.

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  1. 2023Instance-Aware Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 42
  2. 2024CFPL-FAS: Class Free Prompt Learning for Generalizable Face Anti-spoofingcited by 39
  3. 2022Attention Diversification for Domain Generalizationcited by 29
  4. 2024Gradient Alignment for Cross-Domain Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 26
  5. 2024DGMamba: Domain Generalization via Generalized State Space Modelcited by 21
  6. 2024FSFM: A Generalizable Face Security Foundation Model via Self-Supervised Facial Representation Learningcited by 21
  7. 2024Test-Time Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 20
  8. 2024Towards Data-Centric Face Anti-Spoofing: Improving Cross-domain Generalization via Physics-based Data Synthesiscited by 16
  9. 2024BA-SAM: Scalable Bias-Mode Attention Mask for Segment Anything Modelcited by 15
  10. 2024DG-PIC: Domain Generalized Point-In-Context Learning for Point Cloud Understandingcited by 13
  11. 2023S-Adapter: Generalizing Vision Transformer for Face Anti-Spoofing with Statistical Tokenscited by 11
  12. 2023Diverse Target and Contribution Scheduling for Domain Generalizationcited by 10
16 more
  1. 2024Rethinking Impersonation and Dodging Attacks on Face Recognition Systemscited by 7
  2. 2025Domain Generalization for Face Anti-spoofing via Content-aware Composite Prompt Engineeringcited by 7
  3. 2025Optimal Transport-Guided Source-Free Adaptation for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 5
  4. 2024Adversarial Attacks on Both Face Recognition and Face Anti-spoofing Modelscited by 4
  5. 2025DADM: Dual Alignment of Domain and Modality for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 4
  6. 2024Improving the Transferability of Adversarial Attacks on Face Recognition with Diverse Parameters Augmentationcited by 3
  7. 2025Domain Generalization via Discrete Codebook Learningcited by 3
  8. 2025InstructFLIP: Exploring Unified Vision-Language Model for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 3
  9. 2023TeG-DG: Textually Guided Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 2
  10. 2023A Closer Look at Geometric Temporal Dynamics for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 1
  11. 2023Hyperbolic Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 1
  12. 2025Learning Unknown Spoof Prompts for Generalized Face Anti-Spoofing Using Only Real Face Imagescited by 1
  13. 2024Source-Free Test-Time Adaptation For Online Surface-Defect Detectioncited by 0
  14. 2025Generative Classifier for Domain Generalizationcited by 0
  15. 2025Steering Vision-Language Pre-trained Models for Incremental Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 0
  16. 2026FaceMoE: Mixture of Experts for Low-Resolution Face Recognitioncited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Group-wise Scaling and Orthogonal Decomposition for Domain-Invariant Feature Extraction in Face Anti-Spoofing
  2. 2024BIG-MoE: Bypass Isolated Gating MoE for Generalized Multimodal Face Anti-Spoofing
  3. 2023FLIP: Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofing with Language Guidance
  4. 2025Exploring Task-Solving Paradigm for Generalized Cross-Domain Face Anti-Spoofing via Reinforcement Fine-Tuning
  5. 2026Benchmarking Vision Foundation Models for Domain-Generalizable Face Anti-Spoofing
  6. 2026From Intuition to Investigation: A Tool-Augmented Reasoning MLLM Framework for Generalizable Face Anti-Spoofing
  7. 2025FaceShield: Explainable Face Anti-Spoofing with Multimodal Large Language Models
  8. 2025SUEDE:Shared Unified Experts for Physical-Digital Face Attack Detection Enhancement