An Image is Worth More Than a Thousand Words: Towards Disentanglement in the Wild
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Abstract (arXiv)
Unsupervised disentanglement has been shown to be theoretically impossible without inductive biases on the models and the data. As an alternative approach, recent methods rely on limited supervision to disentangle the factors of variation and allow their identifiability. While annotating the true generative factors is only required for a limited number of observations, we argue that it is infeasible to enumerate all the factors of variation that describe a real-world image distribution. To this end, we propose a method for disentangling a set of factors which are only partially labeled, as well as separating the complementary set of residual factors that are never explicitly specified. Our success in this challenging setting, demonstrated on synthetic benchmarks, gives rise to leveraging off-the-shelf image descriptors to partially annotate a subset of attributes in real image domains (e.g. of human faces) with minimal manual effort. Specifically, we use a recent language-image embedding model (CLIP) to annotate a set of attributes of interest in a zero-shot manner and demonstrate state-of-the-art disentangled image manipulation results.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Jun 2021.
Builds on
36 of 46 references.
References · 36
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
- 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
- 2021Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generationcited by 4,276
- 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,580
- 2019StarGAN v2: Diverse Image Synthesis for Multiple Domainscited by 1,095
- 2021StyleCLIP: Text-Driven Manipulation of StyleGAN Imagerycited by 990
- 2018Challenging Common Assumptions in the Unsupervised Learning of Disentangled Representationscited by 929
- 2019CNN-generated images are surprisingly easy to spot... for nowcited by 842
- 2018Disentangling by Factorisingcited by 614
- 2014Semi-Supervised Learning with Deep Generative Modelscited by 494
- 2020StyleSpace Analysis: Disentangled Controls for StyleGAN Image Generationcited by 331
- 2017Variational Inference of Disentangled Latent Concepts from Unlabeled Observationscited by 240
24 more
- 2021Contrastive Learning Inverts the Data Generating Processcited by 220
- 2019Flexibly Fair Representation Learning by Disentanglementcited by 196
- 2018Isolating Sources of Disentanglement in Variational Autoencoderscited by 167
- 2015Learning Visual Features from Large Weakly Supervised Datacited by 165
- 2019On the Fairness of Disentangled Representationscited by 144
- 2017Unsupervised Learning of Disentangled Representations from Videocited by 138
- 2018Visual Object Networks: Image Generation with Disentangled 3D Representationcited by 124
- 2019Fairness in Deep Learning: A Computational Perspectivecited by 123
- 2020Learning Visual Representations with Caption Annotationscited by 123
- 2020Towards Nonlinear Disentanglement in Natural Data with Temporal Sparse Codingcited by 121
- 2019Domain Agnostic Learning with Disentangled Representationscited by 107
- 2021Paint by Wordcited by 107
- 2017Multi-Level Variational Autoencoder: Learning Disentangled Representations from Grouped Observationscited by 100
- 2019Are Disentangled Representations Helpful for Abstract Visual Reasoning?cited by 100
- 2015Webly Supervised Learning of Convolutional Networkscited by 95
- 2017Unsupervised Learning of Disentangled and Interpretable Representations from Sequential Datacited by 92
- 2020A causal view of compositional zero-shot recognitioncited by 78
- 2019Disentangling Factors of Variation Using Few Labelscited by 57
- 2020Semi-Supervised StyleGAN for Disentanglement Learningcited by 43
- 2019Demystifying Inter-Class Disentanglementcited by 31
- 2021Towards Open-World Text-Guided Face Image Generation and Manipulationcited by 25
- 2014Discovering Hidden Factors of Variation in Deep Networkscited by 21
- 2021Cross-Modal Retrieval Augmentation for Multi-Modal Classificationcited by 20
- 2021Scaling-up Disentanglement for Image Translationcited by 15
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 11; 2023: 6; 2024: 6; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.
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- 2022Exploring CLIP for Assessing the Look and Feel of Imagescited by 974
- 2022GlanceNets: Interpretabile, Leak-proof Concept-based Modelscited by 73
- 2024ObjectDrop: Bootstrapping Counterfactuals for Photorealistic Object Removal and Insertioncited by 71
- 2021Controllable and Compositional Generation with Latent-Space Energy-Based Modelscited by 64
- 2021Predict, Prevent, and Evaluate: Disentangled Text-Driven Image Manipulation Empowered by Pre-Trained Vision-Language Modelcited by 34
- 2022Bootstrapping Multi-view Representations for Fake News Detectioncited by 25
- 2023Training-free Zero-shot Composed Image Retrieval with Local Concept Rerankingcited by 23
- 2023Interpretability is in the Mind of the Beholder: A Causal Framework for Human-interpretable Representation Learningcited by 22
- 2022CLIP-PAE: Projection-Augmentation Embedding to Extract Relevant Features for a Disentangled, Interpretable, and Controllable Text-Guided Face Manipulationcited by 19
- 2024MeLFusion: Synthesizing Music from Image and Language Cues using Diffusion Modelscited by 19
- 2022On the Versatile Uses of Partial Distance Correlation in Deep Learningcited by 18
- 2022clip2latent: Text driven sampling of a pre-trained StyleGAN using denoising diffusion and CLIPcited by 16
18 more
- 2023De-Diffusion Makes Text a Strong Cross-Modal Interfacecited by 14
- 2023A Survey of Methods, Challenges and Perspectives in Causalitycited by 6
- 2022Leveraging Relational Information for Learning Weakly Disentangled Representationscited by 5
- 2022Retrieval-based Disentangled Representation Learning with Natural Language Supervisioncited by 5
- 2024Towards Identifiable Unsupervised Domain Translation: A Diversified Distribution Matching Approachcited by 5
- 2025Highlighting What Matters: Promptable Embeddings for Attribute-Focused Image Retrievalcited by 5
- 2024SKADA-Bench: Benchmarking Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Methods with Realistic Validation On Diverse Modalitiescited by 2
- 2023Disentanglement of Latent Representations via Causal Interventionscited by 1
- 2023Improving Diversity in Zero-Shot GAN Adaptation with Semantic Variationscited by 1
- 2025MM-SeR: Multimodal Self-Refinement for Lightweight Image Captioningcited by 1
- 2022Selective manipulation of disentangled representations for privacy-aware facial image processingcited by 0
- 2022Modular Representations for Weak Disentanglementcited by 0
- 2022Simple Primitives with Feasibility- and Contextuality-Dependence for Open-World Compositional Zero-shot Learningcited by 0
- 2024Robust Domain Generalisation with Causal Invariant Bayesian Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2024D-LORD for Motion Stylizationcited by 0
- 2025What's in Common? Multimodal Models Hallucinate When Reasoning Across Scenescited by 0
- 2026Domain Transfer Becomes Identifiable via a Single Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026Unsupervised Disentanglement Without Compromises : How Functional Orthogonality Enforces Identifiabilitycited by 0
- 2026Unsupervised Disentanglement Without Compromises : How Functional Orthogonality Enforces Identifiability19 Jun 2026
- 2026Domain Transfer Becomes Identifiable via a Single Alignment18 May 2026
- 2025What's in Common? Multimodal Models Hallucinate When Reasoning Across Scenes5 Nov 2025
- 2025MM-SeR: Multimodal Self-Refinement for Lightweight Image Captioning29 Aug 2025
- 2025Highlighting What Matters: Promptable Embeddings for Attribute-Focused Image Retrieval21 May 2025
- 2024D-LORD for Motion Stylization5 Dec 2024
- 2024Robust Domain Generalisation with Causal Invariant Bayesian Neural Networks8 Oct 2024
- 2024SKADA-Bench: Benchmarking Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Methods with Realistic Validation On Diverse Modalities16 Jul 2024
- 2024MeLFusion: Synthesizing Music from Image and Language Cues using Diffusion Models7 Jun 2024
- 2024ObjectDrop: Bootstrapping Counterfactuals for Photorealistic Object Removal and Insertion27 Mar 2024
- 2024Towards Identifiable Unsupervised Domain Translation: A Diversified Distribution Matching Approach18 Jan 2024
- 2023Training-free Zero-shot Composed Image Retrieval with Local Concept Reranking14 Dec 2023
18 more
- 2023De-Diffusion Makes Text a Strong Cross-Modal Interface1 Nov 2023
- 2023Interpretability is in the Mind of the Beholder: A Causal Framework for Human-interpretable Representation Learning14 Sep 2023
- 2023Improving Diversity in Zero-Shot GAN Adaptation with Semantic Variations21 Aug 2023
- 2023Disentanglement of Latent Representations via Causal Interventions2 Feb 2023
- 2023A Survey of Methods, Challenges and Perspectives in Causality1 Feb 2023
- 2022Retrieval-based Disentangled Representation Learning with Natural Language Supervision15 Dec 2022
- 2022Simple Primitives with Feasibility- and Contextuality-Dependence for Open-World Compositional Zero-shot Learning5 Nov 2022
- 2022CLIP-PAE: Projection-Augmentation Embedding to Extract Relevant Features for a Disentangled, Interpretable, and Controllable Text-Guided Face Manipulation8 Oct 2022
- 2022clip2latent: Text driven sampling of a pre-trained StyleGAN using denoising diffusion and CLIP5 Oct 2022
- 2022Modular Representations for Weak Disentanglement12 Sep 2022
- 2022Selective manipulation of disentangled representations for privacy-aware facial image processing26 Aug 2022
- 2022Exploring CLIP for Assessing the Look and Feel of Images25 Jul 2022
- 2022On the Versatile Uses of Partial Distance Correlation in Deep Learning20 Jul 2022
- 2022Bootstrapping Multi-view Representations for Fake News Detection12 Jun 2022
- 2022GlanceNets: Interpretabile, Leak-proof Concept-based Models31 May 2022
- 2022Leveraging Relational Information for Learning Weakly Disentangled Representations20 May 2022
- 2021Predict, Prevent, and Evaluate: Disentangled Text-Driven Image Manipulation Empowered by Pre-Trained Vision-Language Model26 Nov 2021
- 2021Controllable and Compositional Generation with Latent-Space Energy-Based Models21 Oct 2021
- 2024ObjectDrop: Bootstrapping Counterfactuals for Photorealistic Object Removal and Insertioncited by 71
- 2024MeLFusion: Synthesizing Music from Image and Language Cues using Diffusion Modelscited by 19
- 2022clip2latent: Text driven sampling of a pre-trained StyleGAN using denoising diffusion and CLIPcited by 16
- 2023De-Diffusion Makes Text a Strong Cross-Modal Interfacecited by 14
- 2024MeLFusion: Synthesizing Music from Image and Language Cues using Diffusion Models7 Jun 2024
- 2024ObjectDrop: Bootstrapping Counterfactuals for Photorealistic Object Removal and Insertion27 Mar 2024
- 2023De-Diffusion Makes Text a Strong Cross-Modal Interface1 Nov 2023
- 2022clip2latent: Text driven sampling of a pre-trained StyleGAN using denoising diffusion and CLIP5 Oct 2022
- 2022Exploring CLIP for Assessing the Look and Feel of Imagescited by 974
- 2022GlanceNets: Interpretabile, Leak-proof Concept-based Modelscited by 73
- 2021Controllable and Compositional Generation with Latent-Space Energy-Based Modelscited by 64
- 2022Bootstrapping Multi-view Representations for Fake News Detectioncited by 25
- 2023Training-free Zero-shot Composed Image Retrieval with Local Concept Rerankingcited by 23
- 2023Interpretability is in the Mind of the Beholder: A Causal Framework for Human-interpretable Representation Learningcited by 22
- 2022CLIP-PAE: Projection-Augmentation Embedding to Extract Relevant Features for a Disentangled, Interpretable, and Controllable Text-Guided Face Manipulationcited by 19
- 2022On the Versatile Uses of Partial Distance Correlation in Deep Learningcited by 18
- 2023A Survey of Methods, Challenges and Perspectives in Causalitycited by 6
- 2022Leveraging Relational Information for Learning Weakly Disentangled Representationscited by 5
- 2022Retrieval-based Disentangled Representation Learning with Natural Language Supervisioncited by 5
- 2024Towards Identifiable Unsupervised Domain Translation: A Diversified Distribution Matching Approachcited by 5
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026Unsupervised Disentanglement Without Compromises : How Functional Orthogonality Enforces Identifiability19 Jun 2026
- 2026Domain Transfer Becomes Identifiable via a Single Alignment18 May 2026
- 2025MM-SeR: Multimodal Self-Refinement for Lightweight Image Captioning29 Aug 2025
- 2025Highlighting What Matters: Promptable Embeddings for Attribute-Focused Image Retrieval21 May 2025
- 2024D-LORD for Motion Stylization5 Dec 2024
- 2024Robust Domain Generalisation with Causal Invariant Bayesian Neural Networks8 Oct 2024
- 2024SKADA-Bench: Benchmarking Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Methods with Realistic Validation On Diverse Modalities16 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards Identifiable Unsupervised Domain Translation: A Diversified Distribution Matching Approach18 Jan 2024
- 2023Training-free Zero-shot Composed Image Retrieval with Local Concept Reranking14 Dec 2023
- 2023Interpretability is in the Mind of the Beholder: A Causal Framework for Human-interpretable Representation Learning14 Sep 2023
- 2023Improving Diversity in Zero-Shot GAN Adaptation with Semantic Variations21 Aug 2023
- 2023Disentanglement of Latent Representations via Causal Interventions2 Feb 2023
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)