FSNet: An Identity-Aware Generative Model for Image-based Face Swapping
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents FSNet, a deep generative model for image-based face swapping. Traditionally, face-swapping methods are based on three-dimensional morphable models (3DMMs), and facial textures are replaced between the estimated three-dimensional (3D) geometries in two images of different individuals. However, the estimation of 3D geometries along with different lighting conditions using 3DMMs is still a difficult task. We herein represent the face region with a latent variable that is assigned with the proposed deep neural network (DNN) instead of facial textures. The proposed DNN synthesizes a face-swapped image using the latent variable of the face region and another image of the non-face region. The proposed method is not required to fit to the 3DMM; additionally, it performs face swapping only by feeding two face images to the proposed network. Consequently, our DNN-based face swapping performs better than previous approaches for challenging inputs with different face orientations and lighting conditions. Through several experiments, we demonstrated that the proposed method performs face swapping in a more stable manner than the state-of-the-art method, and that its results are compatible with the method thereof.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Nov 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 7; 2023: 6; 2024: 5; 2025: 2.
29 papers.
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- 2021SimSwap: An Efficient Framework For High Fidelity Face Swappingcited by 243
- 2021One Shot Face Swapping on Megapixelscited by 105
- 2021HifiFace: 3D Shape and Semantic Prior Guided High Fidelity Face Swappingcited by 92
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2022High-resolution Face Swapping via Latent Semantics Disentanglementcited by 57
- 2023LatentAvatar: Learning Latent Expression Code for Expressive Neural Head Avatarcited by 50
- 2022Region-Aware Face Swappingcited by 45
- 2022FSGANv2: Improved Subject Agnostic Face Swapping and Reenactmentcited by 33
- 2021Smooth-Swap: A Simple Enhancement for Face-Swapping with Smoothnesscited by 30
- 2021Deepfake Videos in the Wild: Analysis and Detectioncited by 23
- 2021Cross-Domain and Disentangled Face Manipulation with 3D Guidancecited by 17
- 2024ReSyncer: Rewiring Style-based Generator for Unified Audio-Visually Synced Facial Performercited by 16
17 more
- 2023Face Transformer: Towards High Fidelity and Accurate Face Swappingcited by 11
- 2021Metric Learning for Anti-Compression Facial Forgery Detectioncited by 9
- 2023ReliableSwap: Boosting General Face Swapping Via Reliable Supervisioncited by 8
- 2023Diff-ID: An Explainable Identity Difference Quantification Framework for DeepFake Detectioncited by 6
- 2022What makes you, you? Analyzing Recognition by Swapping Face Partscited by 4
- 2022Face Swapping as A Simple Arithmetic Operationcited by 3
- 2021ShapeEditer: a StyleGAN Encoder for Face Swappingcited by 2
- 2022Robust Deepfake On Unrestricted Media: Generation And Detectioncited by 2
- 2022Fighting Malicious Media Data: A Survey on Tampering Detection and Deepfake Detectioncited by 2
- 2024Principles of Designing Robust Remote Face Anti-Spoofing Systemscited by 2
- 2024FaceTracer: Unveiling Source Identities from Swapped Face Images and Videos for Fraud Preventioncited by 2
- 2025BLANKET: Anonymizing Faces in Infant Video Recordingscited by 2
- 2025De-Fake: Style based Anomaly Deepfake Detectioncited by 1
- 2023Dual Defense: Adversarial, Traceable, and Invisible Robust Watermarking against Face Swappingcited by 0
- 2023Individualized Deepfake Detection Exploiting Traces Due to Double Neural-Network Operationscited by 0
- 2024Deepfake for the Good: Generating Avatars through Face-Swapping with Implicit Deepfake Generationcited by 0
- 2024Toward Digitalization: A Secure Approach to Find a Missing Person Using Facial Recognition Technologycited by 0
- 2025BLANKET: Anonymizing Faces in Infant Video Recordings17 Dec 2025
- 2025De-Fake: Style based Anomaly Deepfake Detection4 Jul 2025
- 2024FaceTracer: Unveiling Source Identities from Swapped Face Images and Videos for Fraud Prevention11 Dec 2024
- 2024ReSyncer: Rewiring Style-based Generator for Unified Audio-Visually Synced Facial Performer6 Aug 2024
- 2024Principles of Designing Robust Remote Face Anti-Spoofing Systems6 Jun 2024
- 2024Toward Digitalization: A Secure Approach to Find a Missing Person Using Facial Recognition Technology26 May 2024
- 2024Deepfake for the Good: Generating Avatars through Face-Swapping with Implicit Deepfake Generation9 Feb 2024
- 2023Individualized Deepfake Detection Exploiting Traces Due to Double Neural-Network Operations13 Dec 2023
- 2023Dual Defense: Adversarial, Traceable, and Invisible Robust Watermarking against Face Swapping25 Oct 2023
- 2023ReliableSwap: Boosting General Face Swapping Via Reliable Supervision8 Jun 2023
- 2023LatentAvatar: Learning Latent Expression Code for Expressive Neural Head Avatar2 May 2023
- 2023Face Transformer: Towards High Fidelity and Accurate Face Swapping5 Apr 2023
17 more
- 2023Diff-ID: An Explainable Identity Difference Quantification Framework for DeepFake Detection30 Mar 2023
- 2022Fighting Malicious Media Data: A Survey on Tampering Detection and Deepfake Detection12 Dec 2022
- 2022Face Swapping as A Simple Arithmetic Operation19 Nov 2022
- 2022What makes you, you? Analyzing Recognition by Swapping Face Parts23 Jun 2022
- 2022High-resolution Face Swapping via Latent Semantics Disentanglement30 Mar 2022
- 2022Region-Aware Face Swapping9 Mar 2022
- 2022FSGANv2: Improved Subject Agnostic Face Swapping and Reenactment25 Feb 2022
- 2022Robust Deepfake On Unrestricted Media: Generation And Detection13 Feb 2022
- 2021Smooth-Swap: A Simple Enhancement for Face-Swapping with Smoothness11 Dec 2021
- 2021ShapeEditer: a StyleGAN Encoder for Face Swapping26 Jun 2021
- 2021HifiFace: 3D Shape and Semantic Prior Guided High Fidelity Face Swapping18 Jun 2021
- 2021SimSwap: An Efficient Framework For High Fidelity Face Swapping11 Jun 2021
- 2021One Shot Face Swapping on Megapixels11 May 2021
- 2021Cross-Domain and Disentangled Face Manipulation with 3D Guidance22 Apr 2021
- 2021Metric Learning for Anti-Compression Facial Forgery Detection15 Mar 2021
- 2021Deepfake Videos in the Wild: Analysis and Detection7 Mar 2021
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forward25 Feb 2021
- 2021SimSwap: An Efficient Framework For High Fidelity Face Swappingcited by 243
- 2021One Shot Face Swapping on Megapixelscited by 105
- 2021HifiFace: 3D Shape and Semantic Prior Guided High Fidelity Face Swappingcited by 92
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2022High-resolution Face Swapping via Latent Semantics Disentanglementcited by 57
- 2023LatentAvatar: Learning Latent Expression Code for Expressive Neural Head Avatarcited by 50
- 2022Region-Aware Face Swappingcited by 45
- 2022FSGANv2: Improved Subject Agnostic Face Swapping and Reenactmentcited by 33
- 2021Smooth-Swap: A Simple Enhancement for Face-Swapping with Smoothnesscited by 30
- 2021Deepfake Videos in the Wild: Analysis and Detectioncited by 23
- 2021Cross-Domain and Disentangled Face Manipulation with 3D Guidancecited by 17
- 2024ReSyncer: Rewiring Style-based Generator for Unified Audio-Visually Synced Facial Performercited by 16
12 most cited of 29 All 29 (JSON)
- 2025BLANKET: Anonymizing Faces in Infant Video Recordings17 Dec 2025
- 2025De-Fake: Style based Anomaly Deepfake Detection4 Jul 2025
- 2024FaceTracer: Unveiling Source Identities from Swapped Face Images and Videos for Fraud Prevention11 Dec 2024
- 2024ReSyncer: Rewiring Style-based Generator for Unified Audio-Visually Synced Facial Performer6 Aug 2024
- 2024Principles of Designing Robust Remote Face Anti-Spoofing Systems6 Jun 2024
- 2024Toward Digitalization: A Secure Approach to Find a Missing Person Using Facial Recognition Technology26 May 2024
- 2024Deepfake for the Good: Generating Avatars through Face-Swapping with Implicit Deepfake Generation9 Feb 2024
- 2023Individualized Deepfake Detection Exploiting Traces Due to Double Neural-Network Operations13 Dec 2023
- 2023Dual Defense: Adversarial, Traceable, and Invisible Robust Watermarking against Face Swapping25 Oct 2023
- 2023ReliableSwap: Boosting General Face Swapping Via Reliable Supervision8 Jun 2023
- 2023LatentAvatar: Learning Latent Expression Code for Expressive Neural Head Avatar2 May 2023
- 2023Face Transformer: Towards High Fidelity and Accurate Face Swapping5 Apr 2023
12 newest of 29 All 29 (JSON)