mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Multimodal Clustering Networks for Self-supervised Learning from Unlabeled Videos

arXiv 2104.12671 ↗First posted 26 Apr 2021cs.CVcited by 62

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Multimodal self-supervised learning is getting more and more attention as it allows not only to train large networks without human supervision but also to search and retrieve data across various modalities. In this context, this paper proposes a self-supervised training framework that learns a common multimodal embedding space that, in addition to sharing representations across different modalities, enforces a grouping of semantically similar instances. To this end, we extend the concept of instance-level contrastive learning with a multimodal clustering step in the training pipeline to capture semantic similarities across modalities. The resulting embedding space enables retrieval of samples across all modalities, even from unseen datasets and different domains. To evaluate our approach, we train our model on the HowTo100M dataset and evaluate its zero-shot retrieval capabilities in two challenging domains, namely text-to-video retrieval, and temporal action localization, showing state-of-the-art results on four different datasets.

Key facts. Cited by 62 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 42 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Apr 2021.

Builds on

42 of 54 references.

References · 42

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  4. 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
  5. 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
  6. 2013Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Spacecited by 4,346
  7. 2017Quo Vadis, Action Recognition? A New Model and the Kinetics Datasetcited by 3,259
  8. 2020Unsupervised Learning of Visual Features by Contrasting Cluster Assignmentscited by 2,845
  9. 2013Sinkhorn Distances: Lightspeed Computation of Optimal Transportation Distancescited by 2,277
  10. 2019HowTo100M: Learning a Text-Video Embedding by Watching Hundred Million Narrated Video Clipscited by 946
  11. 2019Self-Supervised Learning of Pretext-Invariant Representationscited by 806
  12. 2019VideoBERT: A Joint Model for Video and Language Representation Learningcited by 702
30 more
  1. 2020Prototypical Contrastive Learning of Unsupervised Representationscited by 636
  2. 2017Towards Automatic Learning of Procedures from Web Instructional Videoscited by 616
  3. 2017Can Spatiotemporal 3D CNNs Retrace the History of 2D CNNs and ImageNet?cited by 551
  4. 2019Self-labelling via simultaneous clustering and representation learningcited by 525
  5. 2019End-to-End Learning of Visual Representations from Uncurated Instructional Videoscited by 506
  6. 2021Less is More: ClipBERT for Video-and-Language Learning via Sparse Samplingcited by 484
  7. 2020Multi-modal Transformer for Video Retrievalcited by 395
  8. 2020SCAN: Learning to Classify Images without Labelscited by 351
  9. 2020Self-Supervised MultiModal Versatile Networkscited by 276
  10. 2020ActBERT: Learning Global-Local Video-Text Representationscited by 267
  11. 2019Self-Supervised Learning by Cross-Modal Audio-Video Clusteringcited by 264
  12. 2020UniVL: A Unified Video and Language Pre-Training Model for Multimodal Understanding and Generationcited by 258
  13. 2019Use What You Have: Video Retrieval Using Representations From Collaborative Expertscited by 214
  14. 2019Cross-task weakly supervised learning from instructional videoscited by 199
  15. 2020Support-set bottlenecks for video-text representation learningcited by 170
  16. 2018How2: A Large-scale Dataset for Multimodal Language Understandingcited by 137
  17. 2020Intriguing Properties of Contrastive Lossescited by 129
  18. 2020AVLnet: Learning Audio-Visual Language Representations from Instructional Videoscited by 110
  19. 2020Labelling unlabelled videos from scratch with multi-modal self-supervisioncited by 99
  20. 2017One Model To Learn Them Allcited by 86
  21. 2019ClusterFit: Improving Generalization of Visual Representationscited by 82
  22. 2018Jointly Discovering Visual Objects and Spoken Words from Raw Sensory Inputcited by 81
  23. 2020Rethinking Zero-shot Video Classification: End-to-end Training for Realistic Applicationscited by 79
  24. 2020Evolving Losses for Unsupervised Video Representation Learningcited by 74
  25. 2020Noise Estimation Using Density Estimation for Self-Supervised Multimodal Learningcited by 74
  26. 2017Weakly Supervised Action Learning with RNN based Fine-to-coarse Modelingcited by 70
  27. 2014Weakly Supervised Action Labeling in Videos Under Ordering Constraintscited by 48
  28. 2019Large-scale representation learning from visually grounded untranscribed speechcited by 33
  29. 2017See, Hear, and Read: Deep Aligned Representationscited by 32
  30. 2019Mining YouTube - A dataset for learning fine-grained action concepts from webly supervised video datacited by 9

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 19; 2023: 15; 2024: 11; 2025: 7; 2026: 1.

62 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2021Florence: A New Foundation Model for Computer Visioncited by 802
  2. 2023VALOR: Vision-Audio-Language Omni-Perception Pretraining Model and Datasetcited by 138
  3. 2022Vision-Language Pre-training: Basics, Recent Advances, and Future Trendscited by 117
  4. 2022Foundations and Trends in Multimodal Machine Learning: Principles, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 116
  5. 2022Self-Supervised Learning for Videos: A Surveycited by 85
  6. 2021Everything at Once -- Multi-modal Fusion Transformer for Video Retrievalcited by 79
  7. 2022Bridging Video-text Retrieval with Multiple Choice Questionscited by 79
  8. 2023Self-Supervised Multimodal Learning: A Surveycited by 58
  9. 2023Procedure-Aware Pretraining for Instructional Video Understandingcited by 48
  10. 2022Learning in Audio-visual Context: A Review, Analysis, and New Perspectivecited by 44
  11. 2022ECLIPSE: Efficient Long-range Video Retrieval using Sight and Soundcited by 39
  12. 2023HowToCaption: Prompting LLMs to Transform Video Annotations at Scalecited by 34
38 more
  1. 2024Multi-granularity Correspondence Learning from Long-term Noisy Videoscited by 34
  2. 2022MILES: Visual BERT Pre-training with Injected Language Semantics for Video-text Retrievalcited by 29
  3. 2023Learning to Ground Instructional Articles in Videos through Narrationscited by 28
  4. 2022Beyond Just Vision: A Review on Self-Supervised Representation Learning on Multimodal and Temporal Datacited by 27
  5. 2022Video-Text Representation Learning via Differentiable Weak Temporal Alignmentcited by 24
  6. 2022Multimodal Pre-training Based on Graph Attention Network for Document Understandingcited by 23
  7. 2022How Severe is Benchmark-Sensitivity in Video Self-Supervised Learning?cited by 23
  8. 2024Contrasting with Symile: Simple Model-Agnostic Representation Learning for Unlimited Modalitiescited by 23
  9. 2021Joint Multimedia Event Extraction from Video and Articlecited by 19
  10. 2021COMPOSER: Compositional Reasoning of Group Activity in Videos with Keypoint-Only Modalitycited by 19
  11. 2022TempCLR: Temporal Alignment Representation with Contrastive Learningcited by 15
  12. 2023Preserving Modality Structure Improves Multi-Modal Learningcited by 13
  13. 2021Multilingual Molecular Representation Learning via Contrastive Pre-trainingcited by 12
  14. 2022Clustering Aided Weakly Supervised Training to Detect Anomalous Events in Surveillance Videoscited by 12
  15. 2021LipSound2: Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Lip-to-Speech Reconstruction and Lip Readingcited by 10
  16. 2023What, when, and where? -- Self-Supervised Spatio-Temporal Grounding in Untrimmed Multi-Action Videos from Narrated Instructionscited by 10
  17. 2023Multi-Sentence Grounding for Long-term Instructional Videocited by 10
  18. 2021Cascaded Multilingual Audio-Visual Learning from Videoscited by 8
  19. 2023Target-Aware Spatio-Temporal Reasoning via Answering Questions in Dynamics Audio-Visual Scenarioscited by 8
  20. 2022Keyword localisation in untranscribed speech using visually grounded speech modelscited by 7
  21. 2023Generating Illustrated Instructionscited by 7
  22. 2022Auxiliary Cross-Modal Representation Learning with Triplet Loss Functions for Online Handwriting Recognitioncited by 6
  23. 2024Learning to Localize Actions in Instructional Videos with LLM-Based Multi-Pathway Text-Video Alignmentcited by 6
  24. 2021Routing with Self-Attention for Multimodal Capsule Networkscited by 5
  25. 2022ProtoCLIP: Prototypical Contrastive Language Image Pretrainingcited by 5
  26. 2023What You Say Is What You Show: Visual Narration Detection in Instructional Videoscited by 5
  27. 2024The Sound of Water: Inferring Physical Properties from Pouring Liquidscited by 5
  28. 2024Multi-Task Multi-Modal Self-Supervised Learning for Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 4
  29. 2024CLIP-Powered TASS: Target-Aware Single-Stream Network for Audio-Visual Question Answeringcited by 4
  30. 2024Multimodal Emotion Recognition using Audio-Video Transformer Fusion with Cross Attentioncited by 4
  31. 2025SEVERE++: Evaluating Benchmark Sensitivity in Generalization of Video Representation Learningcited by 4
  32. 2021SwAMP: Swapped Assignment of Multi-Modal Pairs for Cross-Modal Retrievalcited by 3
  33. 2022C2KD: Cross-Lingual Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Multilingual Text-Video Retrievalcited by 3
  34. 2022ConTra: (Con)text (Tra)nsformer for Cross-Modal Video Retrievalcited by 3
  35. 2024Unsupervised Multimodal Clustering for Semantics Discovery in Multimodal Utterancescited by 3
  36. 2025Robust Multi-View Learning via Representation Fusion of Sample-Level Attention and Alignment of Simulated Perturbationcited by 3
  37. 2025Creating User-steerable Projections with Interactive Semantic Mappingcited by 3
  38. 2022LAVA: Language Audio Vision Alignment for Contrastive Video Pre-Trainingcited by 2

50 most cited of 62 All 62 (JSON)