mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Everything at Once -- Multi-modal Fusion Transformer for Video Retrieval

arXiv 2112.04446 ↗First posted 8 Dec 2021cs.CV cs.CL cs.SDcited by 79

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Abstract (arXiv)

Multi-modal learning from video data has seen increased attention recently as it allows to train semantically meaningful embeddings without human annotation enabling tasks like zero-shot retrieval and classification. In this work, we present a multi-modal, modality agnostic fusion transformer approach that learns to exchange information between multiple modalities, such as video, audio, and text, and integrate them into a joined multi-modal representation to obtain an embedding that aggregates multi-modal temporal information. We propose to train the system with a combinatorial loss on everything at once, single modalities as well as pairs of modalities, explicitly leaving out any add-ons such as position or modality encoding. At test time, the resulting model can process and fuse any number of input modalities. Moreover, the implicit properties of the transformer allow to process inputs of different lengths. To evaluate the proposed approach, we train the model on the large scale HowTo100M dataset and evaluate the resulting embedding space on four challenging benchmark datasets obtaining state-of-the-art results in zero-shot video retrieval and zero-shot video action localization.

Key facts. Cited by 79 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 51 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Dec 2021.

Builds on

51 of 58 references.

References · 51

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  12. 2019HowTo100M: Learning a Text-Video Embedding by Watching Hundred Million Narrated Video Clipscited by 946
38 more
  1. 2016Generative Adversarial Text to Image Synthesiscited by 735
  2. 2021CLIP4Clip: An Empirical Study of CLIP for End to End Video Clip Retrievalcited by 645
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  12. 2020Multi-modal Transformer for Video Retrievalcited by 395
  13. 2021Attention Bottlenecks for Multimodal Fusioncited by 361
  14. 2021AudioCLIP: Extending CLIP to Image, Text and Audiocited by 335
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50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 17; 2023: 32; 2024: 17; 2025: 8; 2026: 5.

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  1. 2023Ego-Exo4D: Understanding Skilled Human Activity from First- and Third-Person Perspectivescited by 477
  2. 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 399
  3. 2023VALOR: Vision-Audio-Language Omni-Perception Pretraining Model and Datasetcited by 138
  4. 2022Temporal Action Segmentation: An Analysis of Modern Techniquescited by 85
  5. 2022Learning Audio-Video Modalities from Image Captionscited by 80
  6. 2023Self-Supervised Multimodal Learning: A Surveycited by 58
  7. 2022A CLIP-Hitchhiker's Guide to Long Video Retrievalcited by 57
  8. 2023Temperature Schedules for Self-Supervised Contrastive Methods on Long-Tail Datacited by 44
  9. 2024GeminiFusion: Efficient Pixel-wise Multimodal Fusion for Vision Transformercited by 42
  10. 2022Contrastive language and vision learning of general fashion conceptscited by 41
  11. 2022Anticipative Feature Fusion Transformer for Multi-Modal Action Anticipationcited by 41
  12. 2022ECLIPSE: Efficient Long-range Video Retrieval using Sight and Soundcited by 39
38 more
  1. 2023Video-Mined Task Graphs for Keystep Recognition in Instructional Videoscited by 35
  2. 2023HowToCaption: Prompting LLMs to Transform Video Annotations at Scalecited by 34
  3. 2024Multi-granularity Correspondence Learning from Long-term Noisy Videoscited by 34
  4. 2023Learning to Ground Instructional Articles in Videos through Narrationscited by 28
  5. 2022Vision Transformers for Action Recognition: A Surveycited by 25
  6. 2023Opening the Vocabulary of Egocentric Actionscited by 23
  7. 2024Contrasting with Symile: Simple Model-Agnostic Representation Learning for Unlimited Modalitiescited by 23
  8. 2023Audio-Enhanced Text-to-Video Retrieval using Text-Conditioned Feature Alignmentcited by 21
  9. 2022UAVM: Towards Unifying Audio and Visual Modelscited by 20
  10. 2023Similarity search in the blink of an eye with compressed indicescited by 20
  11. 2023Listen to Look into the Future: Audio-Visual Egocentric Gaze Anticipationcited by 20
  12. 2022TempCLR: Temporal Alignment Representation with Contrastive Learningcited by 15
  13. 2023Deep Learning for Video-Text Retrieval: a Reviewcited by 15
  14. 2023Zorro: the masked multimodal transformercited by 13
  15. 2023Preserving Modality Structure Improves Multi-Modal Learningcited by 13
  16. 2023Learning Unseen Modality Interactioncited by 12
  17. 2023Recent Advances in Multi-modal 3D Intelligence: A Comprehensive Survey and Evaluationcited by 12
  18. 2024Siamese Vision Transformers are Scalable Audio-visual Learnerscited by 12
  19. 2023Text-to-Motion Retrieval: Towards Joint Understanding of Human Motion Data and Natural Languagecited by 11
  20. 2024SoundingActions: Learning How Actions Sound from Narrated Egocentric Videoscited by 11
  21. 2025GT-Loc: Unifying When and Where in Images Through a Joint Embedding Spacecited by 11
  22. 2023What, when, and where? -- Self-Supervised Spatio-Temporal Grounding in Untrimmed Multi-Action Videos from Narrated Instructionscited by 10
  23. 2023CL2CM: Improving Cross-Lingual Cross-Modal Retrieval via Cross-Lingual Knowledge Transfercited by 10
  24. 2023Have We Ever Encountered This Before? Retrieving Out-of-Distribution Road Obstacles from Driving Scenescited by 9
  25. 2023Dual-view Curricular Optimal Transport for Cross-lingual Cross-modal Retrievalcited by 9
  26. 2024Learning the Unlearned: Mitigating Feature Suppression in Contrastive Learningcited by 9
  27. 2023ChatGPT-Like Large-Scale Foundation Models for Prognostics and Health Management: A Survey and Roadmapscited by 8
  28. 2025A Multimodal Deviation Perceiving Framework for Weakly-Supervised Temporal Forgery Localizationcited by 8
  29. 2022Radiomics-Guided Global-Local Transformer for Weakly Supervised Pathology Localization in Chest X-Rayscited by 7
  30. 2022PRVR: Partially Relevant Video Retrievalcited by 7
  31. 2023Video-Text Retrieval by Supervised Sparse Multi-Grained Learningcited by 7
  32. 2023Versatile audio-visual learning for emotion recognitioncited by 5
  33. 2023In-Style: Bridging Text and Uncurated Videos with Style Transfer for Text-Video Retrievalcited by 5
  34. 2023LeanVec: Searching vectors faster by making them fitcited by 5
  35. 2024Leveraging Contrastive Learning and Self-Training for Multimodal Emotion Recognition with Limited Labeled Samplescited by 5
  36. 2023Segment Beyond View: Handling Partially Missing Modality for Audio-Visual Semantic Segmentationcited by 4
  37. 2024Reconstruct before Query: Continual Missing Modality Learning with Decomposed Prompt Collaborationcited by 4
  38. 2025Class Prototypes based Contrastive Learning for Classifying Multi-Label and Fine-Grained Educational Videoscited by 4

50 most cited of 79 All 79 (JSON)