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Reset-Free Reinforcement Learning via Multi-Task Learning: Learning Dexterous Manipulation Behaviors without Human Intervention

arXiv 2104.11203 ↗First posted 22 Apr 2021cs.LG cs.ROcited by 90

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Abstract (arXiv)

Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms can in principle acquire complex robotic skills by learning from large amounts of data in the real world, collected via trial and error. However, most RL algorithms use a carefully engineered setup in order to collect data, requiring human supervision and intervention to provide episodic resets. This is particularly evident in challenging robotics problems, such as dexterous manipulation. To make data collection scalable, such applications require reset-free algorithms that are able to learn autonomously, without explicit instrumentation or human intervention. Most prior work in this area handles single-task learning. However, we might also want robots that can perform large repertoires of skills. At first, this would appear to only make the problem harder. However, the key observation we make in this work is that an appropriately chosen multi-task RL setting actually alleviates the reset-free learning challenge, with minimal additional machinery required. In effect, solving a multi-task problem can directly solve the reset-free problem since different combinations of tasks can serve to perform resets for other tasks. By learning multiple tasks together and appropriately sequencing them, we can effectively learn all of the tasks together reset-free. This type of multi-task learning can effectively scale reset-free learning schemes to much more complex problems, as we demonstrate in our experiments. We propose a simple scheme for multi-task learning that tackles the reset-free learning problem, and show its effectiveness at learning to solve complex dexterous manipulation tasks in both hardware and simulation without any explicit resets. This work shows the ability to learn dexterous manipulation behaviors in the real world with RL without any human intervention.

Key facts. Cited by 90 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 64 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Apr 2021.

Builds on

40 of 64 references.

References · 40

  1. 2020Gradient Surgery for Multi-Task Learningcited by 1,210
  2. 2018Soft Actor-Critic Algorithms and Applicationscited by 1,179
  3. 2019Meta-World: A Benchmark and Evaluation for Multi-Task and Meta Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,168
  4. 2018Exploration by Random Network Distillationcited by 966
  5. 2018Multi-Task Learning as Multi-Objective Optimizationcited by 809
  6. 2017An Overview of Multi-Task Learning in Deep Neural Networkscited by 791
  7. 2018QT-Opt: Scalable Deep Reinforcement Learning for Vision-Based Robotic Manipulationcited by 730
  8. 2017Learning Complex Dexterous Manipulation with Deep Reinforcement Learning and Demonstrationscited by 685
  9. 2019RLBench: The Robot Learning Benchmark & Learning Environmentcited by 669
  10. 2018Learning Dexterous In-Hand Manipulationcited by 643
  11. 2015Policy Distillationcited by 414
  12. 2016Learning Hand-Eye Coordination for Robotic Grasping with Deep Learning and Large-Scale Data Collectioncited by 312
28 more
  1. 2018Visual Reinforcement Learning with Imagined Goalscited by 248
  2. 2017Distral: Robust Multitask Reinforcement Learningcited by 231
  3. 2020Learning Agile Robotic Locomotion Skills by Imitating Animalscited by 229
  4. 2015Supersizing Self-supervision: Learning to Grasp from 50K Tries and 700 Robot Hourscited by 208
  5. 2019Deep Dynamics Models for Learning Dexterous Manipulationcited by 200
  6. 2019Efficient Exploration via State Marginal Matchingcited by 186
  7. 2015Actor-Mimic: Deep Multitask and Transfer Reinforcement Learningcited by 176
  8. 2018Learning by Playing - Solving Sparse Reward Tasks from Scratchcited by 164
  9. 2017Emergence of Locomotion Behaviours in Rich Environmentscited by 159
  10. 2016Learning to Poke by Poking: Experiential Learning of Intuitive Physicscited by 152
  11. 2017Intrinsic Motivation and Automatic Curricula via Asymmetric Self-Playcited by 139
  12. 2020Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning with Soft Modularizationcited by 138
  13. 2020The Ingredients of Real-World Robotic Reinforcement Learningcited by 111
  14. 2019AVID: Learning Multi-Stage Tasks via Pixel-Level Translation of Human Videoscited by 105
  15. 2020Learning to Walk in the Real World with Minimal Human Effortcited by 103
  16. 2017Leave no Trace: Learning to Reset for Safe and Autonomous Reinforcement Learningcited by 86
  17. 2018Dexterous Manipulation with Deep Reinforcement Learning: Efficient, General, and Low-Costcited by 79
  18. 2019ROBEL: Robotics Benchmarks for Learning with Low-Cost Robotscited by 70
  19. 2015Learning Contact-Rich Manipulation Skills with Guided Policy Searchcited by 37
  20. 2016Learning Dexterous Manipulation for a Soft Robotic Hand from Human Demonstrationcited by 35
  21. 2016Learning Dexterous Manipulation Policies from Experience and Imitationcited by 32
  22. 2017Deep Predictive Policy Training using Reinforcement Learningcited by 30
  23. 2019DoorGym: A Scalable Door Opening Environment And Baseline Agentcited by 26
  24. 2016Path Integral Guided Policy Searchcited by 14
  25. 2020High Acceleration Reinforcement Learning for Real-World Juggling with Binary Rewardscited by 14
  26. 2019MAT: Multi-Fingered Adaptive Tactile Grasping via Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 11
  27. 2019Compositional Transfer in Hierarchical Reinforcement Learningcited by 7
  28. 2016Reset-Free Guided Policy Search: Efficient Deep Reinforcement Learning with Stochastic Initial Statescited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 17; 2023: 19; 2024: 26; 2025: 11; 2026: 13.

90 papers.

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  1. 2024TinyVLA: Towards Fast, Data-Efficient Vision-Language-Action Models for Robotic Manipulationcited by 331
  2. 2025π*0.6: a VLA That Learns From Experiencecited by 280
  3. 2023RoboAgent: Generalization and Efficiency in Robot Manipulation via Semantic Augmentations and Action Chunkingcited by 167
  4. 2024DexCap: Scalable and Portable Mocap Data Collection System for Dexterous Manipulationcited by 149
  5. 2024Reconciling Reality through Simulation: A Real-to-Sim-to-Real Approach for Robust Manipulationcited by 135
  6. 2024SERL: A Software Suite for Sample-Efficient Robotic Reinforcement Learningcited by 113
  7. 2024URDFormer: A Pipeline for Constructing Articulated Simulation Environments from Real-World Imagescited by 106
  8. 2025DexGraspVLA: A Vision-Language-Action Framework Towards General Dexterous Graspingcited by 87
  9. 2023Bootstrap Your Own Skills: Learning to Solve New Tasks with Large Language Model Guidancecited by 85
  10. 2025Vision-Language-Action Models for Robotics: A Review Towards Real-World Applicationscited by 82
  11. 2022MyoSuite -- A contact-rich simulation suite for musculoskeletal motor controlcited by 80
  12. 2023LEAP Hand: Low-Cost, Efficient, and Anthropomorphic Hand for Robot Learningcited by 78
38 more
  1. 2023Robot Fine-Tuning Made Easy: Pre-Training Rewards and Policies for Autonomous Real-World Reinforcement Learningcited by 49
  2. 2025RL-100: Performant Robotic Manipulation with Real-World Reinforcement Learningcited by 47
  3. 2023Sequential Dexterity: Chaining Dexterous Policies for Long-Horizon Manipulationcited by 43
  4. 2024RLDG: Robotic Generalist Policy Distillation via Reinforcement Learningcited by 42
  5. 2024JUICER: Data-Efficient Imitation Learning for Robotic Assemblycited by 36
  6. 2021Autonomous Reinforcement Learning: Formalism and Benchmarkingcited by 33
  7. 2021Autonomous Reinforcement Learning via Subgoal Curriculacited by 32
  8. 2024Autonomous Improvement of Instruction Following Skills via Foundation Modelscited by 32
  9. 2026Continual Harness: Online Adaptation for Self-Improving Foundation Agentscited by 30
  10. 2023Self-Improving Robots: End-to-End Autonomous Visuomotor Reinforcement Learningcited by 29
  11. 2022Don't Start From Scratch: Leveraging Prior Data to Automate Robotic Reinforcement Learningcited by 28
  12. 2022Learning Dexterous Manipulation from Exemplar Object Trajectories and Pre-Graspscited by 27
  13. 2023DexPBT: Scaling up Dexterous Manipulation for Hand-Arm Systems with Population Based Trainingcited by 24
  14. 2022You Only Live Once: Single-Life Reinforcement Learningcited by 23
  15. 2023Universal Visual Decomposer: Long-Horizon Manipulation Made Easycited by 23
  16. 2024Practice Makes Perfect: Planning to Learn Skill Parameter Policiescited by 22
  17. 2022A State-Distribution Matching Approach to Non-Episodic Reinforcement Learningcited by 21
  18. 2022When to Ask for Help: Proactive Interventions in Autonomous Reinforcement Learningcited by 20
  19. 2022Dexterous Manipulation from Images: Autonomous Real-World RL via Substep Guidancecited by 20
  20. 2024Affordance-Guided Reinforcement Learning via Visual Promptingcited by 20
  21. 2024Continuously Improving Mobile Manipulation with Autonomous Real-World RLcited by 20
  22. 2024Semantically Controllable Augmentations for Generalizable Robot Learningcited by 17
  23. 2022Transferring Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Policies for Autonomous Driving using Sim-to-Realcited by 16
  24. 2025CordViP: Correspondence-based Visuomotor Policy for Dexterous Manipulation in Real-Worldcited by 16
  25. 2024DexHandDiff: Interaction-aware Diffusion Planning for Adaptive Dexterous Manipulationcited by 15
  26. 2021Wish you were here: Hindsight Goal Selection for long-horizon dexterous manipulationcited by 13
  27. 2023FastRLAP: A System for Learning High-Speed Driving via Deep RL and Autonomous Practicingcited by 13
  28. 2023REBOOT: Reuse Data for Bootstrapping Efficient Real-World Dexterous Manipulationcited by 12
  29. 2023Autonomous Robotic Reinforcement Learning with Asynchronous Human Feedbackcited by 12
  30. 2024Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning for Quadrotorscited by 12
  31. 2022Automating Reinforcement Learning with Example-based Resetscited by 11
  32. 2022Beyond Supervised Continual Learning: a Reviewcited by 11
  33. 2022Learning from Guided Play: Improving Exploration for Adversarial Imitation Learning with Simple Auxiliary Taskscited by 10
  34. 2024Robot Learning with Super-Linear Scalingcited by 10
  35. 2023Multimodal and Force-Matched Imitation Learning with a See-Through Visuotactile Sensorcited by 9
  36. 2024Distributional Successor Features Enable Zero-Shot Policy Optimizationcited by 8
  37. 2025From Simple to Complex Skills: The Case of In-Hand Object Reorientationcited by 8
  38. 2026From Prior to Pro: Efficient Skill Mastery via Distribution Contractive RL Finetuningcited by 8

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