Learning Salient Boundary Feature for Anchor-free Temporal Action Localization
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Abstract (arXiv)
Temporal action localization is an important yet challenging task in video understanding. Typically, such a task aims at inferring both the action category and localization of the start and end frame for each action instance in a long, untrimmed video.While most current models achieve good results by using pre-defined anchors and numerous actionness, such methods could be bothered with both large number of outputs and heavy tuning of locations and sizes corresponding to different anchors. Instead, anchor-free methods is lighter, getting rid of redundant hyper-parameters, but gains few attention. In this paper, we propose the first purely anchor-free temporal localization method, which is both efficient and effective. Our model includes (i) an end-to-end trainable basic predictor, (ii) a saliency-based refinement module to gather more valuable boundary features for each proposal with a novel boundary pooling, and (iii) several consistency constraints to make sure our model can find the accurate boundary given arbitrary proposals. Extensive experiments show that our method beats all anchor-based and actionness-guided methods with a remarkable margin on THUMOS14, achieving state-of-the-art results, and comparable ones on ActivityNet v1.3. Code is available at https://github.com/TencentYoutuResearch/ActionDetection-AFSD.
Key facts. Cited by 156 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Mar 2021.
Builds on
33 of 45 references.
References · 33
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21 more
- 2017Soft-NMS -- Improving Object Detection With One Line of Codecited by 380
- 2019BMN: Boundary-Matching Network for Temporal Action Proposal Generationcited by 327
- 2018BSN: Boundary Sensitive Network for Temporal Action Proposal Generationcited by 271
- 2017Temporal Action Detection with Structured Segment Networkscited by 265
- 2019G-TAD: Sub-Graph Localization for Temporal Action Detectioncited by 248
- 2019Graph Convolutional Networks for Temporal Action Localizationcited by 208
- 2018Rethinking the Faster R-CNN Architecture for Temporal Action Localizationcited by 194
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- 2019Gaussian Temporal Awareness Networks for Action Localizationcited by 135
- 2017Single Shot Temporal Action Detectioncited by 123
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- 2020Revisiting Anchor Mechanisms for Temporal Action Localizationcited by 75
- 2018Diagnosing Error in Temporal Action Detectorscited by 71
- 2020SF-Net: Single-Frame Supervision for Temporal Action Localizationcited by 62
- 2020Weakly-Supervised Action Localization with Expectation-Maximization Multi-Instance Learningcited by 48
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- 2020Learning to Localize Actions from Momentscited by 13
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 10; 2022: 39; 2023: 38; 2024: 34; 2025: 19; 2026: 16.
156 papers.
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- 2023VideoMAE V2: Scaling Video Masked Autoencoders with Dual Maskingcited by 516
- 2021Prompting Visual-Language Models for Efficient Video Understandingcited by 309
- 2022ActionFormer: Localizing Moments of Actions with Transformerscited by 308
- 2021End-to-end Temporal Action Detection with Transformercited by 150
- 2023TriDet: Temporal Action Detection with Relative Boundary Modelingcited by 141
- 2022TALLFormer: Temporal Action Localization with a Long-memory Transformercited by 78
- 2022InternVideo-Ego4D: A Pack of Champion Solutions to Ego4D Challengescited by 48
- 2022ReAct: Temporal Action Detection with Relational Queriescited by 47
- 2023End-to-End Temporal Action Detection with 1B Parameters Across 1000 Framescited by 47
- 2023Dense-Localizing Audio-Visual Events in Untrimmed Videos: A Large-Scale Benchmark and Baselinecited by 45
- 2022An Empirical Study of End-to-End Temporal Action Detectioncited by 40
- 2022Spotting Temporally Precise, Fine-Grained Events in Videocited by 40
38 more
- 2023MH-DETR: Video Moment and Highlight Detection with Cross-modal Transformercited by 40
- 2022Fine-grained Temporal Contrastive Learning for Weakly-supervised Temporal Action Localizationcited by 33
- 2023UMMAFormer: A Universal Multimodal-adaptive Transformer Framework for Temporal Forgery Localizationcited by 33
- 2021Learning an Augmented RGB Representation with Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Action Detectioncited by 32
- 2021Deep Learning-based Action Detection in Untrimmed Videos: A Surveycited by 32
- 2023WEAR: An Outdoor Sports Dataset for Wearable and Egocentric Activity Recognitioncited by 30
- 2023BAM-DETR: Boundary-Aligned Moment Detection Transformer for Temporal Sentence Grounding in Videoscited by 29
- 2022BasicTAD: an Astounding RGB-Only Baseline for Temporal Action Detectioncited by 28
- 2023Action Sensitivity Learning for Temporal Action Localizationcited by 28
- 2023TemporalMaxer: Maximize Temporal Context with only Max Pooling for Temporal Action Localizationcited by 27
- 2023Mask Propagation for Efficient Video Semantic Segmentationcited by 26
- 2021Augmented Transformer with Adaptive Graph for Temporal Action Proposal Generationcited by 25
- 2022RCL: Recurrent Continuous Localization for Temporal Action Detectioncited by 25
- 2022OpenTAL: Towards Open Set Temporal Action Localizationcited by 23
- 2022PointTAD: Multi-Label Temporal Action Detection with Learnable Query Pointscited by 22
- 2023Self-Feedback DETR for Temporal Action Detectioncited by 22
- 2021Hear Me Out: Fusional Approaches for Audio Augmented Temporal Action Localizationcited by 21
- 2022Colar: Effective and Efficient Online Action Detection by Consulting Exemplarscited by 21
- 2023Weakly-Supervised Temporal Action Localization by Inferring Salient Snippet-Featurecited by 21
- 2024T-DEED: Temporal-Discriminability Enhancer Encoder-Decoder for Precise Event Spotting in Sports Videoscited by 21
- 2024MMAD: Multi-label Micro-Action Detection in Videoscited by 20
- 2021Progressive Attention on Multi-Level Dense Difference Maps for Generic Event Boundary Detectioncited by 19
- 2022Re^2TAL: Rewiring Pretrained Video Backbones for Reversible Temporal Action Localizationcited by 19
- 2023Multi-modal Prompting for Low-Shot Temporal Action Localizationcited by 19
- 2024Test-Time Zero-Shot Temporal Action Localizationcited by 19
- 2022Learning to Refactor Action and Co-occurrence Features for Temporal Action Localizationcited by 18
- 2024Dual DETRs for Multi-Label Temporal Action Detectioncited by 18
- 2024DyFADet: Dynamic Feature Aggregation for Temporal Action Detectioncited by 18
- 2021RGB Stream Is Enough for Temporal Action Detectioncited by 16
- 2022An Efficient Spatio-Temporal Pyramid Transformer for Action Detectioncited by 16
- 2023Adapting Short-Term Transformers for Action Detection in Untrimmed Videoscited by 16
- 2024ASTRA: An Action Spotting TRAnsformer for Soccer Videoscited by 16
- 2024UniMD: Towards Unifying Moment Retrieval and Temporal Action Detectioncited by 16
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- 2023Temporal Action Localization with Enhanced Instant Discriminabilitycited by 13
- 2024TE-TAD: Towards Full End-to-End Temporal Action Detection via Time-Aligned Coordinate Expressioncited by 13
- 2022Temporal Perceiver: A General Architecture for Arbitrary Boundary Detectioncited by 12
- 2022Distilling Vision-Language Pre-training to Collaborate with Weakly-Supervised Temporal Action Localizationcited by 12
50 most cited of 156 All 156 (JSON)
- 2026OphBiWSSD: Scaling Temporal Action Localization in Ophthalmic Surgeries with Bidirectional Weight-tied State Space Duality11 Sep 2026
- 2026TF-CADE: Foreground-Concentrated Text-Video Alignment for Zero-Shot Temporal Action Detection18 Aug 2026
- 2026Structure over Depth: A Single-Block Spatio-Temporal Transformer for Multi-Entity Reasoning25 Jul 2026
- 2026OnPoint: Offline-to-Online Multi-Level Distillation for Point-Supervised Online Temporal Action Localization1 Jul 2026
- 2026SkillSpotter: Pose-Aware Multi-View Skilled Action Detection and Grading in Ego-Exo Videos30 Jun 2026
- 2026SpikeTAD: Spiking Neural Networks for End-to-End Temporal Action Detection10 Jun 2026
- 2026Motion Reinforces Appearance: RGB-Skeleton Gated Residual Fusion for Micro-Gesture Online Recognition10 Jun 2026
- 2026ConTrans: Learning Text-enhanced Local-global Temporal Representations for Zero-shot Temporal Action Localization29 May 2026
- 2026Zero-Shot Temporal Action Localization Through Textual Guidance21 May 2026
- 2026LiquidTAD: Efficient Temporal Action Detection via Parallel Liquid-Inspired Temporal Relaxation20 Apr 2026
- 2026Efficient Spatial-Temporal Focal Adapter with SSM for Temporal Action Detection10 Apr 2026
- 2026Face-Guided Sentiment Boundary Enhancement for Weakly-Supervised Temporal Sentiment Localization16 Mar 2026
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- 2026Exploring the Temporal Consistency for Point-Level Weakly-Supervised Temporal Action Localization5 Feb 2026
- 2026Boosting Point-supervised Temporal Action Localization via Text Refinement and Alignment1 Feb 2026
- 2026BoxMind: Closed-loop AI strategy optimization for elite boxing validated in the 2024 Olympics16 Jan 2026
- 2025TBT-Former: Learning Temporal Boundary Distributions for Action Localization1 Dec 2025
- 2025MambaTAD: When State-Space Models Meet Long-Range Temporal Action Detection22 Nov 2025
- 2025Temporal Zoom Networks: Distance Regression and Continuous Depth for Efficient Action Localization6 Nov 2025
- 2025Online Generic Event Boundary Detection8 Oct 2025
- 2025EvoStruggle: A Dataset Capturing the Evolution of Struggle across Activities and Skill Levels1 Oct 2025
- 2025Generative Model-Based Feature Attention Module for Video Action Analysis19 Aug 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Multi-Stage Transformer Architecture for Context-Aware Temporal Action Localization8 Jul 2025
- 2025DEL: Dense Event Localization for Multi-modal Audio-Visual Understanding29 Jun 2025
- 2025Action Dubber: Timing Audible Actions via Inflectional Flow16 Jun 2025
- 2025DiGIT: Multi-Dilated Gated Encoder and Central-Adjacent Region Integrated Decoder for Temporal Action Detection Transformer9 May 2025
- 2025Bridge the Gap: From Weak to Full Supervision for Temporal Action Localization with PseudoFormer21 Apr 2025
- 2025Grounding-MD: Grounded Video-language Pre-training for Open-World Moment Detection20 Apr 2025
- 2025F3Set: Towards Analyzing Fast, Frequent, and Fine-grained Events from Videos11 Apr 2025
- 2025FDDet: Frequency-Decoupling for Boundary Refinement in Temporal Action Detection1 Apr 2025
- 2025Towards Precise Action Spotting: Addressing Temporal Misalignment in Labels with Dynamic Label Assignment31 Mar 2025
- 2025Temporal Action Detection Model Compression by Progressive Block Drop21 Mar 2025
- 2025TimeLoc: A Unified End-to-End Framework for Precise Timestamp Localization in Long Videos9 Mar 2025
- 2025OpenTAD: A Unified Framework and Comprehensive Study of Temporal Action Detection27 Feb 2025
- 2025When do they StOP?: A First Step Towards Automatically Identifying Team Communication in the Operating Room12 Feb 2025
- 2024WiFi CSI Based Temporal Activity Detection via Dual Pyramid Network19 Dec 2024
- 2024Temporal Action Localization with Cross Layer Task Decoupling and Refinement12 Dec 2024
- 2024PESFormer: Boosting Macro- and Micro-expression Spotting with Direct Timestamp Encoding24 Oct 2024
- 2024ContextDet: Temporal Action Detection with Adaptive Context Aggregation20 Oct 2024
- 2024Zero-shot Action Localization via the Confidence of Large Vision-Language Models18 Oct 2024
- 2024Temporal2Seq: A Unified Framework for Temporal Video Understanding Tasks27 Sep 2024
- 2024Uncertainty-Guided Appearance-Motion Association Network for Out-of-Distribution Action Detection16 Sep 2024
- 2024Prediction-Feedback DETR for Temporal Action Detection29 Aug 2024
- 2024Towards Completeness: A Generalizable Action Proposal Generator for Zero-Shot Temporal Action Localization25 Aug 2024
- 2024HAT: History-Augmented Anchor Transformer for Online Temporal Action Localization12 Aug 2024
- 2024Online Temporal Action Localization with Memory-Augmented Transformer6 Aug 2024
- 2024Full-Stage Pseudo Label Quality Enhancement for Weakly-supervised Temporal Action Localization12 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards Adaptive Pseudo-label Learning for Semi-Supervised Temporal Action Localization10 Jul 2024
- 2024Exploring Scalability of Self-Training for Open-Vocabulary Temporal Action Localization9 Jul 2024
- 2024MMAD: Multi-label Micro-Action Detection in Videos7 Jul 2024
50 newest of 156 All 156 (JSON)
- 2022Distilling Vision-Language Pre-training to Collaborate with Weakly-Supervised Temporal Action Localizationcited by 12
- 2023ZEETAD: Adapting Pretrained Vision-Language Model for Zero-Shot End-to-End Temporal Action Detectioncited by 12
- 2024Exploring Scalability of Self-Training for Open-Vocabulary Temporal Action Localizationcited by 6
- 2024Zero-shot Action Localization via the Confidence of Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 4
- 2024Zero-shot Action Localization via the Confidence of Large Vision-Language Models18 Oct 2024
- 2024Exploring Scalability of Self-Training for Open-Vocabulary Temporal Action Localization9 Jul 2024
- 2023ZEETAD: Adapting Pretrained Vision-Language Model for Zero-Shot End-to-End Temporal Action Detection1 Nov 2023
- 2022Distilling Vision-Language Pre-training to Collaborate with Weakly-Supervised Temporal Action Localization19 Dec 2022
- 2023VideoMAE V2: Scaling Video Masked Autoencoders with Dual Maskingcited by 516
- 2021Prompting Visual-Language Models for Efficient Video Understandingcited by 309
- 2022ActionFormer: Localizing Moments of Actions with Transformerscited by 308
- 2021End-to-end Temporal Action Detection with Transformercited by 150
- 2023TriDet: Temporal Action Detection with Relative Boundary Modelingcited by 141
- 2022TALLFormer: Temporal Action Localization with a Long-memory Transformercited by 78
- 2022InternVideo-Ego4D: A Pack of Champion Solutions to Ego4D Challengescited by 48
- 2022ReAct: Temporal Action Detection with Relational Queriescited by 47
- 2023End-to-End Temporal Action Detection with 1B Parameters Across 1000 Framescited by 47
- 2023Dense-Localizing Audio-Visual Events in Untrimmed Videos: A Large-Scale Benchmark and Baselinecited by 45
- 2022An Empirical Study of End-to-End Temporal Action Detectioncited by 40
- 2022Spotting Temporally Precise, Fine-Grained Events in Videocited by 40
12 most cited of 151 All 151 (JSON)
- 2026OphBiWSSD: Scaling Temporal Action Localization in Ophthalmic Surgeries with Bidirectional Weight-tied State Space Duality11 Sep 2026
- 2026TF-CADE: Foreground-Concentrated Text-Video Alignment for Zero-Shot Temporal Action Detection18 Aug 2026
- 2026Structure over Depth: A Single-Block Spatio-Temporal Transformer for Multi-Entity Reasoning25 Jul 2026
- 2026OnPoint: Offline-to-Online Multi-Level Distillation for Point-Supervised Online Temporal Action Localization1 Jul 2026
- 2026SkillSpotter: Pose-Aware Multi-View Skilled Action Detection and Grading in Ego-Exo Videos30 Jun 2026
- 2026SpikeTAD: Spiking Neural Networks for End-to-End Temporal Action Detection10 Jun 2026
- 2026Motion Reinforces Appearance: RGB-Skeleton Gated Residual Fusion for Micro-Gesture Online Recognition10 Jun 2026
- 2026ConTrans: Learning Text-enhanced Local-global Temporal Representations for Zero-shot Temporal Action Localization29 May 2026
- 2026Zero-Shot Temporal Action Localization Through Textual Guidance21 May 2026
- 2026LiquidTAD: Efficient Temporal Action Detection via Parallel Liquid-Inspired Temporal Relaxation20 Apr 2026
- 2026Efficient Spatial-Temporal Focal Adapter with SSM for Temporal Action Detection10 Apr 2026
- 2026Face-Guided Sentiment Boundary Enhancement for Weakly-Supervised Temporal Sentiment Localization16 Mar 2026
12 newest of 151 All 151 (JSON)