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OpenTAL: Towards Open Set Temporal Action Localization

arXiv 2203.05114 ↗First posted 10 Mar 2022cs.CVcited by 23

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Abstract (arXiv)

Temporal Action Localization (TAL) has experienced remarkable success under the supervised learning paradigm. However, existing TAL methods are rooted in the closed set assumption, which cannot handle the inevitable unknown actions in open-world scenarios. In this paper, we, for the first time, step toward the Open Set TAL (OSTAL) problem and propose a general framework OpenTAL based on Evidential Deep Learning (EDL). Specifically, the OpenTAL consists of uncertainty-aware action classification, actionness prediction, and temporal location regression. With the proposed importance-balanced EDL method, classification uncertainty is learned by collecting categorical evidence majorly from important samples. To distinguish the unknown actions from background video frames, the actionness is learned by the positive-unlabeled learning. The classification uncertainty is further calibrated by leveraging the guidance from the temporal localization quality. The OpenTAL is general to enable existing TAL models for open set scenarios, and experimental results on THUMOS14 and ActivityNet1.3 benchmarks show the effectiveness of our method. The code and pre-trained models are released at https://www.rit.edu/actionlab/opental.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 55 of its 75 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Mar 2022.

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55 of 75 references.

References · 55

  1. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
  2. 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,384
  3. 2017Quo Vadis, Action Recognition? A New Model and the Kinetics Datasetcited by 3,259
  4. 2018SlowFast Networks for Video Recognitioncited by 1,862
  5. 2017Understanding Black-box Predictions via Influence Functionscited by 1,714
  6. 2018Evidential Deep Learning to Quantify Classification Uncertaintycited by 728
  7. 2015Towards Open Set Deep Networkscited by 533
  8. 2019Deep Evidential Regressioncited by 354
  9. 2019BMN: Boundary-Matching Network for Temporal Action Proposal Generationcited by 327
  10. 2018Recent Advances in Open Set Recognition: A Surveycited by 309
  11. 2021Towards Open World Object Detectioncited by 297
  12. 2018BSN: Boundary Sensitive Network for Temporal Action Proposal Generationcited by 271
38 more
  1. 2017Temporal Action Detection with Structured Segment Networkscited by 265
  2. 2019G-TAD: Sub-Graph Localization for Temporal Action Detectioncited by 248
  3. 2018Human Action Recognition and Prediction: A Surveycited by 226
  4. 2018Learning from positive and unlabeled data: a surveycited by 218
  5. 2019Graph Convolutional Networks for Temporal Action Localizationcited by 208
  6. 2018Rethinking the Faster R-CNN Architecture for Temporal Action Localizationcited by 194
  7. 2018Reducing Network Agnostophobiacited by 165
  8. 2017R-C3D: Region Convolutional 3D Network for Temporal Activity Detectioncited by 161
  9. 2017Generative OpenMax for Multi-Class Open Set Classificationcited by 157
  10. 2021Learning Salient Boundary Feature for Anchor-free Temporal Action Localizationcited by 156
  11. 2021Adversarial Reciprocal Points Learning for Open Set Recognitioncited by 153
  12. 2018Classification-Reconstruction Learning for Open-Set Recognitioncited by 146
  13. 2019C2AE: Class Conditioned Auto-Encoder for Open-set Recognitioncited by 142
  14. 2019Gaussian Temporal Awareness Networks for Action Localizationcited by 135
  15. 2021OpenGAN: Open-Set Recognition via Open Data Generationcited by 135
  16. 2021Unidentified Video Objects: A Benchmark for Dense, Open-World Segmentationcited by 133
  17. 2018Robust Classification with Convolutional Prototype Learningcited by 122
  18. 2021Learning Placeholders for Open-Set Recognitioncited by 121
  19. 2020Learning Open Set Network with Discriminative Reciprocal Pointscited by 115
  20. 2018Gradient Harmonized Single-stage Detectorcited by 114
  21. 2017CDC: Convolutional-De-Convolutional Networks for Precise Temporal Action Localization in Untrimmed Videoscited by 112
  22. 2017Dropout Sampling for Robust Object Detection in Open-Set Conditionscited by 112
  23. 2020Conditional Gaussian Distribution Learning for Open Set Recognitioncited by 104
  24. 2015End-to-end Learning of Action Detection from Frame Glimpses in Videoscited by 101
  25. 2021Evidential Deep Learning for Open Set Action Recognitioncited by 96
  26. 2021Counterfactual Zero-Shot and Open-Set Visual Recognitioncited by 95
  27. 2021Influence-Balanced Loss for Imbalanced Visual Classificationcited by 91
  28. 2020Boundary Content Graph Neural Network for Temporal Action Proposal Generationcited by 88
  29. 2020Multi-Task Curriculum Framework for Open-Set Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 82
  30. 2021Enriching Local and Global Contexts for Temporal Action Localizationcited by 64
  31. 2021Deep Metric Learning for Open World Semantic Segmentationcited by 51
  32. 2021Energy-Based Open-World Uncertainty Modeling for Confidence Calibrationcited by 46
  33. 2021Exemplar-Based Open-Set Panoptic Segmentation Networkcited by 37
  34. 2021Class Semantics-based Attention for Action Detectioncited by 36
  35. 2019P-ODN: Prototype based Open Deep Network for Open Set Recognitioncited by 28
  36. 2021Learning Bounds for Open-Set Learningcited by 27
  37. 2018Bayesian Semantic Instance Segmentation in Open Set Worldcited by 14
  38. 2019Open Set Recognition Through Deep Neural Network Uncertainty: Does Out-of-Distribution Detection Require Generative Classifiers?cited by 13

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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 4; 2024: 10; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.

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  1. 2022Is Out-of-Distribution Detection Learnable?cited by 109
  2. 2023Uncertainty Estimation by Fisher Information-based Evidential Deep Learningcited by 58
  3. 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Evidential Deep Learning and Its Applicationscited by 25
  4. 2023Multi-modal Prompting for Low-Shot Temporal Action Localizationcited by 19
  5. 2024MADiff: Motion-Aware Mamba Diffusion Models for Hand Trajectory Prediction on Egocentric Videoscited by 17
  6. 2024Revisiting Essential and Nonessential Settings of Evidential Deep Learningcited by 15
  7. 2024Advancing Myopia To Holism: Fully Contrastive Language-Image Pre-trainingcited by 13
  8. 2024Uncertainty-Guided Appearance-Motion Association Network for Out-of-Distribution Action Detectioncited by 12
  9. 2024Open-Vocabulary Temporal Action Localization using Multimodal Guidancecited by 7
  10. 2025Novel Diffusion Models for Multimodal 3D Hand Trajectory Predictioncited by 7
  11. 2022Open-Vocabulary Temporal Action Detection with Off-the-Shelf Image-Text Featurescited by 6
  12. 2024Exploring Scalability of Self-Training for Open-Vocabulary Temporal Action Localizationcited by 6
11 more
  1. 2024STAT: Towards Generalizable Temporal Action Localizationcited by 4
  2. 2024Weakly-Supervised Residual Evidential Learning for Multi-Instance Uncertainty Estimationcited by 4
  3. 2025Training-Free Zero-Shot Temporal Action Detection with Vision-Language Modelscited by 4
  4. 2025Online Generic Event Boundary Detectioncited by 4
  5. 2023Adaptive Negative Evidential Deep Learning for Open-set Semi-supervised Learningcited by 3
  6. 2023A Hybrid Graph Network for Complex Activity Detection in Videocited by 2
  7. 2024One-Stage Open-Vocabulary Temporal Action Detection Leveraging Temporal Multi-scale and Action Label Featurescited by 2
  8. 2025Looking into the Unknown: Exploring Action Discovery for Segmentation of Known and Unknown Actionscited by 1
  9. 2025EgoLoc: A Generalizable Solution for Temporal Interaction Localization in Egocentric Videoscited by 0
  10. 2025MGCA-Net: Multi-Grained Category-Aware Network for Open-Vocabulary Temporal Action Localizationcited by 0
  11. 2026Ensemble-Based Dirichlet Modeling for Predictive Uncertainty and Selective Classificationcited by 0