Detecting Deep-Fake Videos from Appearance and Behavior
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Abstract (arXiv)
Synthetically-generated audios and videos -- so-called deep fakes -- continue to capture the imagination of the computer-graphics and computer-vision communities. At the same time, the democratization of access to technology that can create sophisticated manipulated video of anybody saying anything continues to be of concern because of its power to disrupt democratic elections, commit small to large-scale fraud, fuel dis-information campaigns, and create non-consensual pornography. We describe a biometric-based forensic technique for detecting face-swap deep fakes. This technique combines a static biometric based on facial recognition with a temporal, behavioral biometric based on facial expressions and head movements, where the behavioral embedding is learned using a CNN with a metric-learning objective function. We show the efficacy of this approach across several large-scale video datasets, as well as in-the-wild deep fakes.
Key facts. Cited by 66 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Apr 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 18; 2022: 15; 2023: 9; 2024: 8; 2025: 8; 2026: 8.
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- 2021Neural Head Avatars from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 212
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2021Deepfake Detection by Human Crowds, Machines, and Machine-informed Crowdscited by 58
- 2021Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizoncited by 56
- 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 48
- 2023Learning Personalized High Quality Volumetric Head Avatars from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 44
- 2021FReTAL: Generalizing Deepfake Detection using Knowledge Distillation and Representation Learningcited by 43
- 2022Audio-Visual Person-of-Interest DeepFake Detectioncited by 43
- 2022Delving into Sequential Patches for Deepfake Detectioncited by 41
- 2021CoReD: Generalizing Fake Media Detection with Continual Representation using Distillationcited by 37
- 2022On Improving Cross-dataset Generalization of Deepfake Detectorscited by 34
- 2021Video Transformer for Deepfake Detection with Incremental Learningcited by 33
38 more
- 2022GBDF: Gender Balanced DeepFake Dataset Towards Fair DeepFake Detectioncited by 32
- 2022MINTIME: Multi-Identity Size-Invariant Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 23
- 2024Joker: Conditional 3D Head Synthesis with Extreme Facial Expressionscited by 17
- 2021Watch Those Words: Video Falsification Detection Using Word-Conditioned Facial Motioncited by 15
- 2021NWT: Towards natural audio-to-video generation with representation learningcited by 14
- 2022On the Exploitation of Deepfake Model Recognitioncited by 14
- 2021Am I a Real or Fake Celebrity? Measuring Commercial Face Recognition Web APIs under Deepfake Impersonation Attackcited by 12
- 2021An Experimental Evaluation on Deepfake Detection using Deep Face Recognitioncited by 12
- 2022A Review of Deep Learning-based Approaches for Deepfake Content Detectioncited by 12
- 2023Why Do Facial Deepfake Detectors Fail?cited by 12
- 2022Deepfake audio detection by speaker verificationcited by 11
- 2023Avatar Fingerprinting for Authorized Use of Synthetic Talking-Head Videoscited by 11
- 2021Multi-Modal Semantic Inconsistency Detection in Social Media News Postscited by 10
- 2023MIS-AVoiDD: Modality Invariant and Specific Representation for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
- 2024Deepfake Media Generation and Detection in the Generative AI Era: A Survey and Outlookcited by 10
- 2025ExDDV: A New Dataset for Explainable Deepfake Detection in Videocited by 10
- 2023AVTENet: A Human-Cognition-Inspired Audio-Visual Transformer-Based Ensemble Network for Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 8
- 2023Unsupervised Multimodal Deepfake Detection Using Intra- and Cross-Modal Inconsistenciescited by 8
- 2021Compound Frechet Inception Distance for Quality Assessment of GAN Created Imagescited by 7
- 2022A Hybrid CNN-LSTM model for Video Deepfake Detection by Leveraging Optical Flow Featurescited by 7
- 2025Beyond Face Swapping: A Diffusion-Based Digital Human Benchmark for Multimodal Deepfake Detectioncited by 7
- 2021DeepFake Detection with Inconsistent Head Poses: Reproducibility and Analysiscited by 6
- 2022Video Manipulations Beyond Faces: A Dataset with Human-Machine Analysiscited by 6
- 2022Combining Automatic Speaker Verification and Prosody Analysis for Synthetic Speech Detectioncited by 6
- 2024Contextual Cross-Modal Attention for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection and Localizationcited by 6
- 2021Adversarially robust deepfake media detection using fused convolutional neural network predictionscited by 5
- 2021MD-CSDNetwork: Multi-Domain Cross Stitched Network for Deepfake Detectioncited by 4
- 2024Securing the Future of GenAI: Policy and Technologycited by 4
- 2024Passive Deepfake Detection Across Multi-modalities: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 4
- 2024Human Action CLIPs: Detecting AI-generated Human Motioncited by 4
- 2021Robust Face-Swap Detection Based on 3D Facial Shape Informationcited by 2
- 2021Do You See What I See? Capabilities and Limits of Automated Multimedia Content Analysiscited by 2
- 2022Protecting President Zelenskyy against Deep Fakescited by 2
- 2023Collaborative Feature Learning for Fine-grained Facial Forgery Detection and Segmentationcited by 2
- 2025AI-based Identity Fraud Detection: A Systematic Reviewcited by 2
- 2025A Lightweight and Interpretable Deepfakes Detection Frameworkcited by 2
- 2022Study of detecting behavioral signatures within DeepFake videoscited by 1
- 2023Building an Invisible Shield for Your Portrait against Deepfakescited by 1
50 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2026Detecting AI-Generated Video: A Vision-Language Dual-View Survey12 Jul 2026
- 2026CUPID: Reconstructing UV Texture Maps for Interpretable Person-of-Interest Deepfake Detection18 Jun 2026
- 2026Attribution-Guided Multimodal Deepfake Detection via Cross-Modal Forensic Fingerprints29 Apr 2026
- 2026Unveiling Deepfakes: A Frequency-Aware Triple Branch Network for Deepfake Detection19 Apr 2026
- 2026Rethinking AI Literacy Education in Higher Education: Bridging Risk Perception and Responsible Adoption31 Mar 2026
- 2026Is Seeing Believing? Evaluating Human Sensitivity to Synthetic Video14 Mar 2026
- 2026A Novel Unified Approach to Deepfake Detection6 Jan 2026
- 2026ExposeAnyone: Personalized Audio-to-Expression Diffusion Models Are Robust Zero-Shot Face Forgery Detectors5 Jan 2026
- 2025Noise-Coded Illumination for Forensic and Photometric Video Analysis30 Jul 2025
- 2025Beyond Face Swapping: A Diffusion-Based Digital Human Benchmark for Multimodal Deepfake Detection22 May 2025
- 2025Unmasking Deep Fakes: Leveraging Deep Learning for Video Authenticity Detection10 May 2025
- 2025Cross-Branch Orthogonality for Improved Generalization in Face Deepfake Detection8 May 2025
38 more
- 2025Combating Falsification of Speech Videos with Live Optical Signatures (Extended Version)30 Apr 2025
- 2025ExDDV: A New Dataset for Explainable Deepfake Detection in Video18 Mar 2025
- 2025A Lightweight and Interpretable Deepfakes Detection Framework21 Jan 2025
- 2025AI-based Identity Fraud Detection: A Systematic Review16 Jan 2025
- 2024Human Action CLIPs: Detecting AI-generated Human Motion30 Nov 2024
- 2024Forensics Adapter: Unleashing CLIP for Generalizable Face Forgery Detection29 Nov 2024
- 2024Deepfake Media Generation and Detection in the Generative AI Era: A Survey and Outlook29 Nov 2024
- 2024Passive Deepfake Detection Across Multi-modalities: A Comprehensive Survey26 Nov 2024
- 2024Joker: Conditional 3D Head Synthesis with Extreme Facial Expressions21 Oct 2024
- 2024Contextual Cross-Modal Attention for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection and Localization2 Aug 2024
- 2024Securing the Future of GenAI: Policy and Technology21 May 2024
- 2024In Anticipation of Perfect Deepfake: Identity-anchored Artifact-agnostic Detection under Rebalanced Deepfake Detection Protocol1 May 2024
- 2023Unsupervised Multimodal Deepfake Detection Using Intra- and Cross-Modal Inconsistencies28 Nov 2023
- 2023AVTENet: A Human-Cognition-Inspired Audio-Visual Transformer-Based Ensemble Network for Video Deepfake Detection19 Oct 2023
- 2023MIS-AVoiDD: Modality Invariant and Specific Representation for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection3 Oct 2023
- 2023Building an Invisible Shield for Your Portrait against Deepfakes22 May 2023
- 2023Avatar Fingerprinting for Authorized Use of Synthetic Talking-Head Videos5 May 2023
- 2023Collaborative Feature Learning for Fine-grained Facial Forgery Detection and Segmentation17 Apr 2023
- 2023Learning Personalized High Quality Volumetric Head Avatars from Monocular RGB Videos4 Apr 2023
- 2023LatentForensics: Towards frugal deepfake detection in the StyleGAN latent space30 Mar 2023
- 2023Why Do Facial Deepfake Detectors Fail?25 Feb 2023
- 2022MINTIME: Multi-Identity Size-Invariant Video Deepfake Detection20 Nov 2022
- 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspective20 Nov 2022
- 2022Combining Automatic Speaker Verification and Prosody Analysis for Synthetic Speech Detection31 Oct 2022
- 2022Deepfake audio detection by speaker verification28 Sep 2022
- 2022Deepfake Detection using ImageNet models and Temporal Images of 468 Facial Landmarks15 Aug 2022
- 2022Study of detecting behavioral signatures within DeepFake videos6 Aug 2022
- 2022A Hybrid CNN-LSTM model for Video Deepfake Detection by Leveraging Optical Flow Features28 Jul 2022
- 2022Video Manipulations Beyond Faces: A Dataset with Human-Machine Analysis26 Jul 2022
- 2022GBDF: Gender Balanced DeepFake Dataset Towards Fair DeepFake Detection21 Jul 2022
- 2022Delving into Sequential Patches for Deepfake Detection6 Jul 2022
- 2022Protecting President Zelenskyy against Deep Fakes24 Jun 2022
- 2022On the Exploitation of Deepfake Model Recognition9 Apr 2022
- 2022On Improving Cross-dataset Generalization of Deepfake Detectors8 Apr 2022
- 2022Audio-Visual Person-of-Interest DeepFake Detection6 Apr 2022
- 2022A Review of Deep Learning-based Approaches for Deepfake Content Detection12 Feb 2022
- 2021Watch Those Words: Video Falsification Detection Using Word-Conditioned Facial Motion21 Dec 2021
- 2021Do You See What I See? Capabilities and Limits of Automated Multimedia Content Analysis15 Dec 2021
50 newest of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2021Neural Head Avatars from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 212
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2021Deepfake Detection by Human Crowds, Machines, and Machine-informed Crowdscited by 58
- 2021Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizoncited by 56
- 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 48
- 2023Learning Personalized High Quality Volumetric Head Avatars from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 44
- 2021FReTAL: Generalizing Deepfake Detection using Knowledge Distillation and Representation Learningcited by 43
- 2022Audio-Visual Person-of-Interest DeepFake Detectioncited by 43
- 2022Delving into Sequential Patches for Deepfake Detectioncited by 41
- 2021CoReD: Generalizing Fake Media Detection with Continual Representation using Distillationcited by 37
- 2022On Improving Cross-dataset Generalization of Deepfake Detectorscited by 34
- 2021Video Transformer for Deepfake Detection with Incremental Learningcited by 33
12 most cited of 64 All 64 (JSON)
- 2026Detecting AI-Generated Video: A Vision-Language Dual-View Survey12 Jul 2026
- 2026CUPID: Reconstructing UV Texture Maps for Interpretable Person-of-Interest Deepfake Detection18 Jun 2026
- 2026Attribution-Guided Multimodal Deepfake Detection via Cross-Modal Forensic Fingerprints29 Apr 2026
- 2026Unveiling Deepfakes: A Frequency-Aware Triple Branch Network for Deepfake Detection19 Apr 2026
- 2026Rethinking AI Literacy Education in Higher Education: Bridging Risk Perception and Responsible Adoption31 Mar 2026
- 2026Is Seeing Believing? Evaluating Human Sensitivity to Synthetic Video14 Mar 2026
- 2026A Novel Unified Approach to Deepfake Detection6 Jan 2026
- 2025Beyond Face Swapping: A Diffusion-Based Digital Human Benchmark for Multimodal Deepfake Detection22 May 2025
- 2025Unmasking Deep Fakes: Leveraging Deep Learning for Video Authenticity Detection10 May 2025
- 2025Cross-Branch Orthogonality for Improved Generalization in Face Deepfake Detection8 May 2025
- 2025Combating Falsification of Speech Videos with Live Optical Signatures (Extended Version)30 Apr 2025
- 2025ExDDV: A New Dataset for Explainable Deepfake Detection in Video18 Mar 2025
12 newest of 64 All 64 (JSON)