GBDF: Gender Balanced DeepFake Dataset Towards Fair DeepFake Detection
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Facial forgery by deepfakes has raised severe societal concerns. Several solutions have been proposed by the vision community to effectively combat the misinformation on the internet via automated deepfake detection systems. Recent studies have demonstrated that facial analysis-based deep learning models can discriminate based on protected attributes. For the commercial adoption and massive roll-out of the deepfake detection technology, it is vital to evaluate and understand the fairness (the absence of any prejudice or favoritism) of deepfake detectors across demographic variations such as gender and race. As the performance differential of deepfake detectors between demographic subgroups would impact millions of people of the deprived sub-group. This paper aims to evaluate the fairness of the deepfake detectors across males and females. However, existing deepfake datasets are not annotated with demographic labels to facilitate fairness analysis. To this aim, we manually annotated existing popular deepfake datasets with gender labels and evaluated the performance differential of current deepfake detectors across gender. Our analysis on the gender-labeled version of the datasets suggests (a) current deepfake datasets have skewed distribution across gender, and (b) commonly adopted deepfake detectors obtain unequal performance across gender with mostly males outperforming females. Finally, we contributed a gender-balanced and annotated deepfake dataset, GBDF, to mitigate the performance differential and to promote research and development towards fairness-aware deep fake detectors. The GBDF dataset is publicly available at: https://github.com/aakash4305/GBDF
Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Jul 2022.
Builds on
25 of 39 references.
References · 25
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2016Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localizationcited by 6,690
- 2016Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutionscited by 2,320
- 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,095
- 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 895
- 2019Celeb-DF: A Large-scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensicscited by 573
- 2019Face X-ray for More General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 469
- 2018MesoNet: a Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Networkcited by 409
- 2021Multi-attentional Deepfake Detectioncited by 339
- 2018Exposing DeepFake Videos By Detecting Face Warping Artifactscited by 318
- 2020Lips Don't Lie: A Generalisable and Robust Approach to Face Forgery Detectioncited by 286
- 2020DeeperForensics-1.0: A Large-Scale Dataset for Real-World Face Forgery Detectioncited by 251
13 more
- 2020DeepFakes and Beyond: A Survey of Face Manipulation and Fake Detectioncited by 231
- 2020Media Forensics and DeepFakes: an overviewcited by 208
- 2019Multi-task Learning For Detecting and Segmenting Manipulated Facial Images and Videoscited by 130
- 2020Detecting Deep-Fake Videos from Appearance and Behaviorcited by 66
- 2020How Does Gender Balance In Training Data Affect Face Recognition Accuracy?cited by 37
- 2021An Examination of Fairness of AI Models for Deepfake Detectioncited by 34
- 2022On Improving Cross-dataset Generalization of Deepfake Detectorscited by 34
- 2021Gendered Differences in Face Recognition Accuracy Explained by Hairstyles, Makeup, and Facial Morphologycited by 32
- 2020Understanding Fairness of Gender Classification Algorithms Across Gender-Race Groupscited by 24
- 2021Anatomizing Bias in Facial Analysiscited by 18
- 2020Identity-Driven DeepFake Detectioncited by 17
- 2021An Experimental Evaluation on Deepfake Detection using Deep Face Recognitioncited by 12
- 2021Harnessing Unlabeled Data to Improve Generalization of Biometric Gender and Age Classifierscited by 3
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 4; 2024: 9; 2025: 9; 2026: 8.
32 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2024Preserving Fairness Generalization in Deepfake Detectioncited by 70
- 2023Improving Fairness in Deepfake Detectioncited by 40
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
- 2023MIS-AVoiDD: Modality Invariant and Specific Representation for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
- 2024FairSSD: Understanding Bias in Synthetic Speech Detectorscited by 9
- 2024Non-Consensual Synthetic Intimate Imagery: Prevalence, Attitudes, and Knowledge in 10 Countriescited by 8
- 2024Thinking Racial Bias in Fair Forgery Detection: Models, Datasets and Evaluationscited by 8
- 2022Deep Generative Views to Mitigate Gender Classification Bias Across Gender-Race Groupscited by 7
- 2025Fair Deepfake Detectors Can Generalizecited by 7
- 2024Contextual Cross-Modal Attention for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection and Localizationcited by 6
- 2024Social Media Authentication and Combating Deepfakes using Semi-fragile Invisible Image Watermarkingcited by 5
- 2025SCDF: A Speaker Characteristics DeepFake Speech Dataset for Bias Analysiscited by 5
20 more
- 2024Data-Driven Fairness Generalization for Deepfake Detectioncited by 4
- 2025Rethinking Individual Fairness in Deepfake Detectioncited by 4
- 2026Gender Fairness in Audio Deepfake Detection: Performance and Disparity Analysiscited by 3
- 2024Redundant Semantic Environment Filling via Misleading-Learning for Fair Deepfake Detectioncited by 2
- 2025Decoupling Bias, Aligning Distributions: Synergistic Fairness Optimization for Deepfake Detectioncited by 2
- 2022Is Facial Recognition Biased at Near-Infrared Spectrum As Well?cited by 1
- 2023Facial Forgery-based Deepfake Detection using Fine-Grained Featurescited by 1
- 2026Towards Trustworthy Audio Deepfake Detection: A Systematic Framework for Diagnosing and Mitigating Gender Biascited by 1
- 2023Recent Advancements In The Field Of Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
- 2025The Folly of AI for Age Verificationcited by 0
- 2025Bias Analysis for Synthetic Face Detection: A Case Study of the Impact of Facial Attributescited by 0
- 2025Revisiting Deepfake Detection: Chronological Continual Learning and the Limits of Generalizationcited by 0
- 2025Fair and Interpretable Deepfake Detection in Videoscited by 0
- 2025Leveraging Text Guidance for Enhancing Demographic Fairness in Gender Classificationcited by 0
- 2026Robust Fair Disease Diagnosis in CT Imagescited by 0
- 2026Toward Calibrated, Fair, and accurate Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Ethical and Technical Limits of Deepfake Speech Datasetscited by 0
- 2026The Calibrated Deepfake Trust Score (CDTS): Competence-Coupled Trust Degradation Across Deepfake Detectorscited by 0
- 2026What You Train Is What You Get: Gender Bias, Training Composition, and Post-Hoc Mitigation in Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
- 2026FairForensics: Seeing Expressions and Parsing Demographics via Vision-Language Modeling for Generalizable Fair Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
- 2026FairForensics: Seeing Expressions and Parsing Demographics via Vision-Language Modeling for Generalizable Fair Deepfake Detection3 Aug 2026
- 2026What You Train Is What You Get: Gender Bias, Training Composition, and Post-Hoc Mitigation in Audio Deepfake Detection10 Jul 2026
- 2026The Calibrated Deepfake Trust Score (CDTS): Competence-Coupled Trust Degradation Across Deepfake Detectors28 Jun 2026
- 2026Ethical and Technical Limits of Deepfake Speech Datasets9 Jun 2026
- 2026Toward Calibrated, Fair, and accurate Deepfake Detection3 Jun 2026
- 2026Towards Trustworthy Audio Deepfake Detection: A Systematic Framework for Diagnosing and Mitigating Gender Bias9 May 2026
- 2026Robust Fair Disease Diagnosis in CT Images8 Apr 2026
- 2026Gender Fairness in Audio Deepfake Detection: Performance and Disparity Analysis9 Mar 2026
- 2025Leveraging Text Guidance for Enhancing Demographic Fairness in Gender Classification11 Dec 2025
- 2025Decoupling Bias, Aligning Distributions: Synergistic Fairness Optimization for Deepfake Detection13 Nov 2025
- 2025Fair and Interpretable Deepfake Detection in Videos20 Oct 2025
- 2025Revisiting Deepfake Detection: Chronological Continual Learning and the Limits of Generalization29 Aug 2025
20 more
- 2025SCDF: A Speaker Characteristics DeepFake Speech Dataset for Bias Analysis11 Aug 2025
- 2025Bias Analysis for Synthetic Face Detection: A Case Study of the Impact of Facial Attributes25 Jul 2025
- 2025Rethinking Individual Fairness in Deepfake Detection18 Jul 2025
- 2025Fair Deepfake Detectors Can Generalize3 Jul 2025
- 2025The Folly of AI for Age Verification27 May 2025
- 2024Data-Driven Fairness Generalization for Deepfake Detection21 Dec 2024
- 2024Social Media Authentication and Combating Deepfakes using Semi-fragile Invisible Image Watermarking2 Oct 2024
- 2024Contextual Cross-Modal Attention for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection and Localization2 Aug 2024
- 2024Thinking Racial Bias in Fair Forgery Detection: Models, Datasets and Evaluations19 Jul 2024
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authentication15 Jul 2024
- 2024Redundant Semantic Environment Filling via Misleading-Learning for Fair Deepfake Detection24 May 2024
- 2024FairSSD: Understanding Bias in Synthetic Speech Detectors17 Apr 2024
- 2024Preserving Fairness Generalization in Deepfake Detection27 Feb 2024
- 2024Non-Consensual Synthetic Intimate Imagery: Prevalence, Attitudes, and Knowledge in 10 Countries26 Jan 2024
- 2023Facial Forgery-based Deepfake Detection using Fine-Grained Features10 Oct 2023
- 2023MIS-AVoiDD: Modality Invariant and Specific Representation for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection3 Oct 2023
- 2023Recent Advancements In The Field Of Deepfake Detection10 Aug 2023
- 2023Improving Fairness in Deepfake Detection29 Jun 2023
- 2022Is Facial Recognition Biased at Near-Infrared Spectrum As Well?31 Oct 2022
- 2022Deep Generative Views to Mitigate Gender Classification Bias Across Gender-Race Groups17 Aug 2022
- 2024Preserving Fairness Generalization in Deepfake Detectioncited by 70
- 2023Improving Fairness in Deepfake Detectioncited by 40
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
- 2023MIS-AVoiDD: Modality Invariant and Specific Representation for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
- 2024FairSSD: Understanding Bias in Synthetic Speech Detectorscited by 9
- 2024Non-Consensual Synthetic Intimate Imagery: Prevalence, Attitudes, and Knowledge in 10 Countriescited by 8
- 2024Thinking Racial Bias in Fair Forgery Detection: Models, Datasets and Evaluationscited by 8
- 2022Deep Generative Views to Mitigate Gender Classification Bias Across Gender-Race Groupscited by 7
- 2025Fair Deepfake Detectors Can Generalizecited by 7
- 2024Contextual Cross-Modal Attention for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection and Localizationcited by 6
- 2025SCDF: A Speaker Characteristics DeepFake Speech Dataset for Bias Analysiscited by 5
- 2024Data-Driven Fairness Generalization for Deepfake Detectioncited by 4
12 most cited of 31 All 31 (JSON)
- 2026FairForensics: Seeing Expressions and Parsing Demographics via Vision-Language Modeling for Generalizable Fair Deepfake Detection3 Aug 2026
- 2026What You Train Is What You Get: Gender Bias, Training Composition, and Post-Hoc Mitigation in Audio Deepfake Detection10 Jul 2026
- 2026The Calibrated Deepfake Trust Score (CDTS): Competence-Coupled Trust Degradation Across Deepfake Detectors28 Jun 2026
- 2026Ethical and Technical Limits of Deepfake Speech Datasets9 Jun 2026
- 2026Toward Calibrated, Fair, and accurate Deepfake Detection3 Jun 2026
- 2026Towards Trustworthy Audio Deepfake Detection: A Systematic Framework for Diagnosing and Mitigating Gender Bias9 May 2026
- 2026Robust Fair Disease Diagnosis in CT Images8 Apr 2026
- 2026Gender Fairness in Audio Deepfake Detection: Performance and Disparity Analysis9 Mar 2026
- 2025Leveraging Text Guidance for Enhancing Demographic Fairness in Gender Classification11 Dec 2025
- 2025Decoupling Bias, Aligning Distributions: Synergistic Fairness Optimization for Deepfake Detection13 Nov 2025
- 2025Fair and Interpretable Deepfake Detection in Videos20 Oct 2025
- 2025Revisiting Deepfake Detection: Chronological Continual Learning and the Limits of Generalization29 Aug 2025
12 newest of 31 All 31 (JSON)