Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation by Generation and Ordinal Ranking
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Abstract (arXiv)
Monocular 3D human-pose estimation from static images is a challenging problem, due to the curse of dimensionality and the ill-posed nature of lifting 2D-to-3D. In this paper, we propose a Deep Conditional Variational Autoencoder based model that synthesizes diverse anatomically plausible 3D-pose samples conditioned on the estimated 2D-pose. We show that CVAE-based 3D-pose sample set is consistent with the 2D-pose and helps tackling the inherent ambiguity in 2D-to-3D lifting. We propose two strategies for obtaining the final 3D pose- (a) depth-ordering/ordinal relations to score and weight-average the candidate 3D-poses, referred to as OrdinalScore, and (b) with supervision from an Oracle. We report close to state of-the-art results on two benchmark datasets using OrdinalScore, and state-of-the-art results using the Oracle. We also show that our pipeline yields competitive results without paired image-to-3D annotations. The training and evaluation code is available at https://github.com/ssfootball04/generative_pose.
Key facts. Cited by 76 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 Apr 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 16; 2023: 19; 2024: 14; 2025: 5; 2026: 8.
76 papers.
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- 2022CLIFF: Carrying Location Information in Full Frames into Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 238
- 2021Probabilistic Modeling for Human Mesh Recoverycited by 153
- 2021MHFormer: Multi-Hypothesis Transformer for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 151
- 2022DiffPose: Toward More Reliable 3D Pose Estimationcited by 100
- 2021Graph Stacked Hourglass Networks for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 95
- 2021PoseAug: A Differentiable Pose Augmentation Framework for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 89
- 2021Probabilistic Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation with Normalizing Flowscited by 85
- 2023Diffusion-Based 3D Human Pose Estimation with Multi-Hypothesis Aggregationcited by 82
- 2023Human-Art: A Versatile Human-Centric Dataset Bridging Natural and Artificial Scenescited by 68
- 2022DiffPose: Multi-hypothesis Human Pose Estimation using Diffusion modelscited by 65
- 2022GFPose: Learning 3D Human Pose Prior with Gradient Fieldscited by 57
- 2022FLAG: Flow-based 3D Avatar Generation from Sparse Observationscited by 55
38 more
- 2021Recent Advances in Monocular 2D and 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 50
- 2023Human Pose as Compositional Tokenscited by 45
- 2022Faster VoxelPose: Real-time 3D Human Pose Estimation by Orthographic Projectioncited by 39
- 2023Probabilistic Human Mesh Recovery in 3D Scenes from Egocentric Viewscited by 33
- 2022HULC: 3D Human Motion Capture with Pose Manifold Sampling and Dense Contact Guidancecited by 29
- 2022DiffuPose: Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation via Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelcited by 29
- 2022GLENet: Boosting 3D Object Detectors with Generative Label Uncertainty Estimationcited by 24
- 2023Back to Optimization: Diffusion-based Zero-Shot 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 24
- 2024FinePOSE: Fine-Grained Prompt-Driven 3D Human Pose Estimation via Diffusion Modelscited by 23
- 2021Adaptive Multi-view and Temporal Fusing Transformer for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 19
- 2023Fusing Monocular Images and Sparse IMU Signals for Real-time Human Motion Capturecited by 18
- 2023Generative Approach for Probabilistic Human Mesh Recovery using Diffusion Modelscited by 14
- 2024MEGA: Masked Generative Autoencoder for Human Mesh Recoverycited by 14
- 2022Dual networks based 3D Multi-Person Pose Estimation from Monocular Videocited by 13
- 2023Regular Splitting Graph Network for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 11
- 2022Jointformer: Single-Frame Lifting Transformer with Error Prediction and Refinement for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 10
- 2023DiffHPE: Robust, Coherent 3D Human Pose Lifting with Diffusioncited by 9
- 2021Deep Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation via Cascaded Dimension-Liftingcited by 8
- 2021Higher-Order Implicit Fairing Networks for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 8
- 2022DH-AUG: DH Forward Kinematics Model Driven Augmentation for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 8
- 2022MHR-Net: Multiple-Hypothesis Reconstruction of Non-Rigid Shapes from 2D Viewscited by 7
- 20223D Human Pose Estimation Using M"obius Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 6
- 2022Multi-hypothesis 3D human pose estimation metrics favor miscalibrated distributionscited by 6
- 2023Human Pose-based Estimation, Tracking and Action Recognition with Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 6
- 2023ManiPose: Manifold-Constrained Multi-Hypothesis 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 6
- 2024CHAMP: Conformalized 3D Human Multi-Hypothesis Pose Estimatorscited by 5
- 2024GTA-Net: An IoT-Integrated 3D Human Pose Estimation System for Real-Time Adolescent Sports Posture Correctioncited by 5
- 2021Lifting 2D Human Pose to 3D with Domain Adapted 3D Body Conceptcited by 4
- 2022PoseGU: 3D Human Pose Estimation with Novel Human Pose Generator and Unbiased Learningcited by 4
- 2023Improving the Robustness of 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Benchmark and Learning from Noisy Inputcited by 4
- 2024Utilizing Uncertainty in 2D Pose Detectors for Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Recoverycited by 4
- 2021DC-GNet: Deep Mesh Relation Capturing Graph Convolution Network for 3D Human Shape Reconstructioncited by 3
- 2024Platypose: Calibrated Zero-Shot Multi-Hypothesis 3D Human Motion Estimationcited by 3
- 2024Occlusion Handling in 3D Human Pose Estimation with Perturbed Positional Encodingcited by 3
- 2024V-VIPE: Variational View Invariant Pose Embeddingcited by 3
- 2026FMPose3D: monocular 3D pose estimation via flow matchingcited by 3
- 2021Estimation of 3D Human Pose Using Prior Knowledgecited by 2
- 20233D Human Pose Lifting with Grid Convolutioncited by 2
50 most cited of 76 All 76 (JSON)
- 2026MHE-Former: Multi-Hypothesis Transformers via Entropy Maximization for 3D Mesh Recovery9 Sep 2026
- 2026CQF-HMR: Continuous Quaternion Flows for Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Recovery from a Single Image1 Sep 2026
- 2026UST-Hand: An Uncertainty-aware Spatiotemporal Point Cloud Interaction Network for 3D Self-supervised Hand Pose Estimation18 May 2026
- 20262D Pre-Training for 3D Pose Estimation19 Apr 2026
- 2026FMPose3D: monocular 3D pose estimation via flow matching5 Feb 2026
- 2026Flexible Geometric Guidance for Probabilistic Human Pose Estimation with Diffusion Models3 Feb 2026
- 2026Flow Matching for Probabilistic Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation23 Jan 2026
- 2026GazeD: Context-Aware Diffusion for Accurate 3D Gaze Estimation19 Jan 2026
- 2025Adaptive graph Kolmogorov-Arnold network for 3D human pose estimation11 Nov 2025
- 2025LieHMR: Autoregressive Human Mesh Recovery with SO(3) Diffusion30 Sep 2025
- 20253D Human Pose and Shape Estimation from LiDAR Point Clouds: A Review15 Sep 2025
- 2025VOccl3D: A Video Benchmark Dataset for 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation under real Occlusions9 Aug 2025
38 more
- 2025Learning Pyramid-structured Long-range Dependencies for 3D Human Pose Estimation3 Jun 2025
- 2024CUPS: Improving Human Pose-Shape Estimators with Conformalized Deep Uncertainty11 Dec 2024
- 2024Utilizing Uncertainty in 2D Pose Detectors for Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Recovery25 Nov 2024
- 2024GTA-Net: An IoT-Integrated 3D Human Pose Estimation System for Real-Time Adolescent Sports Posture Correction11 Nov 2024
- 2024PAFUSE: Part-based Diffusion for 3D Whole-Body Pose Estimation14 Jul 2024
- 2024V-VIPE: Variational View Invariant Pose Embedding9 Jul 2024
- 2024MEGA: Masked Generative Autoencoder for Human Mesh Recovery29 May 2024
- 2024CHAMP: Conformalized 3D Human Multi-Hypothesis Pose Estimators27 May 2024
- 2024Occlusion Handling in 3D Human Pose Estimation with Perturbed Positional Encoding27 May 2024
- 2024Cross-Domain Knowledge Distillation for Low-Resolution Human Pose Estimation19 May 2024
- 2024FinePOSE: Fine-Grained Prompt-Driven 3D Human Pose Estimation via Diffusion Models8 May 2024
- 2024Probablistic Restoration with Adaptive Noise Sampling for 3D Human Pose Estimation3 May 2024
- 2024Data Augmentation in Human-Centric Vision13 Mar 2024
- 2024Platypose: Calibrated Zero-Shot Multi-Hypothesis 3D Human Motion Estimation10 Mar 2024
- 2024Diffusion-based Pose Refinement and Muti-hypothesis Generation for 3D Human Pose Estimaiton10 Jan 2024
- 2023Improving the Robustness of 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Benchmark and Learning from Noisy Input11 Dec 2023
- 2023ManiPose: Manifold-Constrained Multi-Hypothesis 3D Human Pose Estimation11 Dec 2023
- 2023Human Pose-based Estimation, Tracking and Action Recognition with Deep Learning: A Survey19 Oct 2023
- 2023Augmenting Vision-Based Human Pose Estimation with Rotation Matrix9 Oct 2023
- 2023DiffHPE: Robust, Coherent 3D Human Pose Lifting with Diffusion4 Sep 2023
- 2023Fusing Monocular Images and Sparse IMU Signals for Real-time Human Motion Capture1 Sep 2023
- 2023Spatio-temporal MLP-graph network for 3D human pose estimation29 Aug 2023
- 2023Physics-Guided Human Motion Capture with Pose Probability Modeling19 Aug 2023
- 2023Generative Approach for Probabilistic Human Mesh Recovery using Diffusion Models5 Aug 2023
- 2023Iterative Graph Filtering Network for 3D Human Pose Estimation29 Jul 2023
- 2023Learning from Abstract Images: on the Importance of Occlusion in a Minimalist Encoding of Human Poses19 Jul 2023
- 2023Back to Optimization: Diffusion-based Zero-Shot 3D Human Pose Estimation7 Jul 2023
- 2023Regular Splitting Graph Network for 3D Human Pose Estimation9 May 2023
- 2023Probabilistic Human Mesh Recovery in 3D Scenes from Egocentric Views12 Apr 2023
- 2023Human Pose as Compositional Tokens21 Mar 2023
- 2023Diffusion-Based 3D Human Pose Estimation with Multi-Hypothesis Aggregation21 Mar 2023
- 2023Human-Art: A Versatile Human-Centric Dataset Bridging Natural and Artificial Scenes5 Mar 2023
- 20233D Human Pose Lifting with Grid Convolution17 Feb 2023
- 2023Capsules as viewpoint learners for human pose estimation13 Feb 2023
- 2022GFPose: Learning 3D Human Pose Prior with Gradient Fields16 Dec 2022
- 2022DiffuPose: Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation via Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model6 Dec 2022
- 2022DiffPose: Toward More Reliable 3D Pose Estimation30 Nov 2022
- 2022DiffPose: Multi-hypothesis Human Pose Estimation using Diffusion models29 Nov 2022
50 newest of 76 All 76 (JSON)
- 2022DiffPose: Multi-hypothesis Human Pose Estimation using Diffusion modelscited by 65
- 2022DiffuPose: Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation via Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelcited by 29
- 2024FinePOSE: Fine-Grained Prompt-Driven 3D Human Pose Estimation via Diffusion Modelscited by 23
- 2023Generative Approach for Probabilistic Human Mesh Recovery using Diffusion Modelscited by 14
- 2023DiffHPE: Robust, Coherent 3D Human Pose Lifting with Diffusioncited by 9
- 2024CHAMP: Conformalized 3D Human Multi-Hypothesis Pose Estimatorscited by 5
- 2026FMPose3D: monocular 3D pose estimation via flow matchingcited by 3
- 2026Flow Matching for Probabilistic Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 2
- 2026Flexible Geometric Guidance for Probabilistic Human Pose Estimation with Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2026FMPose3D: monocular 3D pose estimation via flow matching5 Feb 2026
- 2026Flexible Geometric Guidance for Probabilistic Human Pose Estimation with Diffusion Models3 Feb 2026
- 2026Flow Matching for Probabilistic Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation23 Jan 2026
- 2024CHAMP: Conformalized 3D Human Multi-Hypothesis Pose Estimators27 May 2024
- 2024FinePOSE: Fine-Grained Prompt-Driven 3D Human Pose Estimation via Diffusion Models8 May 2024
- 2023DiffHPE: Robust, Coherent 3D Human Pose Lifting with Diffusion4 Sep 2023
- 2023Generative Approach for Probabilistic Human Mesh Recovery using Diffusion Models5 Aug 2023
- 2022DiffuPose: Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation via Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model6 Dec 2022
- 2022DiffPose: Multi-hypothesis Human Pose Estimation using Diffusion models29 Nov 2022
- 2022CLIFF: Carrying Location Information in Full Frames into Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 238
- 2021Probabilistic Modeling for Human Mesh Recoverycited by 153
- 2021MHFormer: Multi-Hypothesis Transformer for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 151
- 2022DiffPose: Toward More Reliable 3D Pose Estimationcited by 100
- 2021Graph Stacked Hourglass Networks for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 95
- 2021PoseAug: A Differentiable Pose Augmentation Framework for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 89
- 2021Probabilistic Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation with Normalizing Flowscited by 85
- 2023Diffusion-Based 3D Human Pose Estimation with Multi-Hypothesis Aggregationcited by 82
- 2023Human-Art: A Versatile Human-Centric Dataset Bridging Natural and Artificial Scenescited by 68
- 2022GFPose: Learning 3D Human Pose Prior with Gradient Fieldscited by 57
- 2022FLAG: Flow-based 3D Avatar Generation from Sparse Observationscited by 55
- 2021Recent Advances in Monocular 2D and 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 50
12 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2026MHE-Former: Multi-Hypothesis Transformers via Entropy Maximization for 3D Mesh Recovery9 Sep 2026
- 2026CQF-HMR: Continuous Quaternion Flows for Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Recovery from a Single Image1 Sep 2026
- 2026UST-Hand: An Uncertainty-aware Spatiotemporal Point Cloud Interaction Network for 3D Self-supervised Hand Pose Estimation18 May 2026
- 20262D Pre-Training for 3D Pose Estimation19 Apr 2026
- 2026GazeD: Context-Aware Diffusion for Accurate 3D Gaze Estimation19 Jan 2026
- 2025Adaptive graph Kolmogorov-Arnold network for 3D human pose estimation11 Nov 2025
- 2025LieHMR: Autoregressive Human Mesh Recovery with SO(3) Diffusion30 Sep 2025
- 20253D Human Pose and Shape Estimation from LiDAR Point Clouds: A Review15 Sep 2025
- 2025VOccl3D: A Video Benchmark Dataset for 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation under real Occlusions9 Aug 2025
- 2025Learning Pyramid-structured Long-range Dependencies for 3D Human Pose Estimation3 Jun 2025
- 2024CUPS: Improving Human Pose-Shape Estimators with Conformalized Deep Uncertainty11 Dec 2024
- 2024Utilizing Uncertainty in 2D Pose Detectors for Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Recovery25 Nov 2024
12 newest of 66 All 66 (JSON)