Neural MMO: A Massively Multiagent Game Environment for Training and Evaluating Intelligent Agents
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
The emergence of complex life on Earth is often attributed to the arms race that ensued from a huge number of organisms all competing for finite resources. We present an artificial intelligence research environment, inspired by the human game genre of MMORPGs (Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games, a.k.a. MMOs), that aims to simulate this setting in microcosm. As with MMORPGs and the real world alike, our environment is persistent and supports a large and variable number of agents. Our environment is well suited to the study of large-scale multiagent interaction: it requires that agents learn robust combat and navigation policies in the presence of large populations attempting to do the same. Baseline experiments reveal that population size magnifies and incentivizes the development of skillful behaviors and results in agents that outcompete agents trained in smaller populations. We further show that the policies of agents with unshared weights naturally diverge to fill different niches in order to avoid competition.
Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 Mar 2019.
Builds on
No reference list yet.
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 4; 2023: 11; 2024: 8; 2025: 9; 2026: 4.
42 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2023Building Cooperative Embodied Agents Modularly with Large Language Modelscited by 231
- 2023Habitat 3.0: A Co-Habitat for Humans, Avatars and Robotscited by 220
- 2022SMACv2: An Improved Benchmark for Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 118
- 2022VMAS: A Vectorized Multi-Agent Simulator for Collective Robot Learningcited by 63
- 2024COMBO: Compositional World Models for Embodied Multi-Agent Cooperationcited by 47
- 2024CivRealm: A Learning and Reasoning Odyssey in Civilization for Decision-Making Agentscited by 41
- 2024Automating the Search for Artificial Life with Foundation Modelscited by 20
- 2021The Neural MMO Platform for Massively Multiagent Researchcited by 17
- 2024Constrained Human-AI Cooperation: An Inclusive Embodied Social Intelligence Challengecited by 13
- 2025Virtual Community: An Open World for Humans, Robots, and Societycited by 13
- 2022Distributed Reinforcement Learning for Robot Teams: A Reviewcited by 11
- 2023Biomaker CA: a Biome Maker project using Cellular Automatacited by 9
30 more
- 2023Neural MMO 2.0: A Massively Multi-task Addition to Massively Multi-agent Learningcited by 9
- 2023RaidEnv: Exploring New Challenges in Automated Content Balancing for Boss Raid Gamescited by 7
- 2021Learning Meta Representations for Agents in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 6
- 2022Powderworld: A Platform for Understanding Generalization via Rich Task Distributionscited by 6
- 2024JaxLife: An Open-Ended Agentic Simulatorcited by 6
- 2021OPEn: An Open-ended Physics Environment for Learning Without a Taskcited by 4
- 2023Balancing of competitive two-player Game Levels with Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
- 2024Crafting Desirable Climate Trajectories with RL Explored Socio-Environmental Simulationscited by 4
- 2025Ella: Embodied Social Agents with Lifelong Memorycited by 4
- 2021Balancing Rational and Other-Regarding Preferences in Cooperative-Competitive Environmentscited by 3
- 2021Carle's Game: An Open-Ended Challenge in Exploratory Machine Creativitycited by 3
- 2025An Efficient Open World Environment for Multi-Agent Social Learningcited by 3
- 2023Towards a Better Understanding of Learning with Multiagent Teamscited by 2
- 2023Seeking Next Layer Neurons' Attention for Error-Backpropagation-Like Training in a Multi-Agent Network Frameworkcited by 2
- 2024Syllabus: Portable Curricula for Reinforcement Learning Agentscited by 2
- 2025Multi-Agent Craftax: Benchmarking Open-Ended Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning at the Hyperscalecited by 2
- 2026Benchmarking Open-Ended Multi-Agent Coordination in Language Agentscited by 2
- 2023Learning to Learn Group Alignment: A Self-Tuning Credo Framework with Multiagent Teamscited by 1
- 2025The Emergence of Complex Behavior in Large-Scale Ecological Environmentscited by 1
- 2026Conversable Complexity: Agentic LLM Collectives as Interpretable Substratescited by 1
- 2021Adaptive Synthetic Characters for Military Trainingcited by 0
- 2023Centralized control for multi-agent RL in a complex Real-Time-Strategy gamecited by 0
- 2023Benchmarking Robustness and Generalization in Multi-Agent Systems: A Case Study on Neural MMOcited by 0
- 2024Massively Multiagent Minigames for Training Generalist Agentscited by 0
- 2025Simulation-Driven Balancing of Competitive Game Levels with Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2025Level the Level: Balancing Game Levels for Asymmetric Player Archetypes With Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2025Results of the NeurIPS 2023 Neural MMO Competition on Multi-task Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2025Terra Nova: A Comprehensive Challenge Environment for Intelligent Agentscited by 0
- 2026Sentinel: Embodied Cooperative Spatial Reasoning and Planningcited by 0
- 2026Feedback Attribution and Representation Geometry: Metrics for Comparing Individual and Shared Rewards in MARLcited by 0
- 2026Feedback Attribution and Representation Geometry: Metrics for Comparing Individual and Shared Rewards in MARL17 Jul 2026
- 2026Conversable Complexity: Agentic LLM Collectives as Interpretable Substrates1 Jul 2026
- 2026Benchmarking Open-Ended Multi-Agent Coordination in Language Agents6 Jun 2026
- 2026Sentinel: Embodied Cooperative Spatial Reasoning and Planning25 May 2026
- 2025Terra Nova: A Comprehensive Challenge Environment for Intelligent Agents19 Nov 2025
- 2025Multi-Agent Craftax: Benchmarking Open-Ended Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning at the Hyperscale7 Nov 2025
- 2025The Emergence of Complex Behavior in Large-Scale Ecological Environments21 Oct 2025
- 2025An Efficient Open World Environment for Multi-Agent Social Learning21 Aug 2025
- 2025Virtual Community: An Open World for Humans, Robots, and Society20 Aug 2025
- 2025Results of the NeurIPS 2023 Neural MMO Competition on Multi-task Reinforcement Learning17 Aug 2025
- 2025Ella: Embodied Social Agents with Lifelong Memory30 Jun 2025
- 2025Level the Level: Balancing Game Levels for Asymmetric Player Archetypes With Reinforcement Learning31 Mar 2025
30 more
- 2025Simulation-Driven Balancing of Competitive Game Levels with Reinforcement Learning24 Mar 2025
- 2024Automating the Search for Artificial Life with Foundation Models23 Dec 2024
- 2024Syllabus: Portable Curricula for Reinforcement Learning Agents18 Nov 2024
- 2024Constrained Human-AI Cooperation: An Inclusive Embodied Social Intelligence Challenge4 Nov 2024
- 2024Crafting Desirable Climate Trajectories with RL Explored Socio-Environmental Simulations9 Oct 2024
- 2024JaxLife: An Open-Ended Agentic Simulator1 Sep 2024
- 2024Massively Multiagent Minigames for Training Generalist Agents7 Jun 2024
- 2024COMBO: Compositional World Models for Embodied Multi-Agent Cooperation16 Apr 2024
- 2024CivRealm: A Learning and Reasoning Odyssey in Civilization for Decision-Making Agents19 Jan 2024
- 2023Neural MMO 2.0: A Massively Multi-task Addition to Massively Multi-agent Learning7 Nov 2023
- 2023Habitat 3.0: A Co-Habitat for Humans, Avatars and Robots19 Oct 2023
- 2023Seeking Next Layer Neurons' Attention for Error-Backpropagation-Like Training in a Multi-Agent Network Framework15 Oct 2023
- 2023Benchmarking Robustness and Generalization in Multi-Agent Systems: A Case Study on Neural MMO30 Aug 2023
- 2023Biomaker CA: a Biome Maker project using Cellular Automata18 Jul 2023
- 2023Building Cooperative Embodied Agents Modularly with Large Language Models5 Jul 2023
- 2023RaidEnv: Exploring New Challenges in Automated Content Balancing for Boss Raid Games4 Jul 2023
- 2023Towards a Better Understanding of Learning with Multiagent Teams28 Jun 2023
- 2023Balancing of competitive two-player Game Levels with Reinforcement Learning7 Jun 2023
- 2023Centralized control for multi-agent RL in a complex Real-Time-Strategy game25 Apr 2023
- 2023Learning to Learn Group Alignment: A Self-Tuning Credo Framework with Multiagent Teams14 Apr 2023
- 2022SMACv2: An Improved Benchmark for Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning14 Dec 2022
- 2022Powderworld: A Platform for Understanding Generalization via Rich Task Distributions23 Nov 2022
- 2022VMAS: A Vectorized Multi-Agent Simulator for Collective Robot Learning7 Jul 2022
- 2022Distributed Reinforcement Learning for Robot Teams: A Review7 Apr 2022
- 2021The Neural MMO Platform for Massively Multiagent Research14 Oct 2021
- 2021OPEn: An Open-ended Physics Environment for Learning Without a Task13 Oct 2021
- 2021Learning Meta Representations for Agents in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning30 Aug 2021
- 2021Carle's Game: An Open-Ended Challenge in Exploratory Machine Creativity13 Jul 2021
- 2021Balancing Rational and Other-Regarding Preferences in Cooperative-Competitive Environments24 Feb 2021
- 2021Adaptive Synthetic Characters for Military Training6 Jan 2021
- 2023Building Cooperative Embodied Agents Modularly with Large Language Modelscited by 231
- 2024JaxLife: An Open-Ended Agentic Simulatorcited by 6
- 2025Ella: Embodied Social Agents with Lifelong Memorycited by 4
- 2026Benchmarking Open-Ended Multi-Agent Coordination in Language Agentscited by 2
- 2026Conversable Complexity: Agentic LLM Collectives as Interpretable Substratescited by 1
- 2026Conversable Complexity: Agentic LLM Collectives as Interpretable Substrates1 Jul 2026
- 2026Benchmarking Open-Ended Multi-Agent Coordination in Language Agents6 Jun 2026
- 2025Ella: Embodied Social Agents with Lifelong Memory30 Jun 2025
- 2024JaxLife: An Open-Ended Agentic Simulator1 Sep 2024
- 2023Building Cooperative Embodied Agents Modularly with Large Language Models5 Jul 2023
- 2023Habitat 3.0: A Co-Habitat for Humans, Avatars and Robotscited by 220
- 2022SMACv2: An Improved Benchmark for Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 118
- 2022VMAS: A Vectorized Multi-Agent Simulator for Collective Robot Learningcited by 63
- 2024Automating the Search for Artificial Life with Foundation Modelscited by 20
- 2021The Neural MMO Platform for Massively Multiagent Researchcited by 17
- 2024Constrained Human-AI Cooperation: An Inclusive Embodied Social Intelligence Challengecited by 13
- 2025Virtual Community: An Open World for Humans, Robots, and Societycited by 13
- 2022Distributed Reinforcement Learning for Robot Teams: A Reviewcited by 11
- 2023Biomaker CA: a Biome Maker project using Cellular Automatacited by 9
- 2023Neural MMO 2.0: A Massively Multi-task Addition to Massively Multi-agent Learningcited by 9
- 2023RaidEnv: Exploring New Challenges in Automated Content Balancing for Boss Raid Gamescited by 7
- 2021Learning Meta Representations for Agents in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 6
12 most cited of 33 All 33 (JSON)
- 2026Feedback Attribution and Representation Geometry: Metrics for Comparing Individual and Shared Rewards in MARL17 Jul 2026
- 2025Terra Nova: A Comprehensive Challenge Environment for Intelligent Agents19 Nov 2025
- 2025Multi-Agent Craftax: Benchmarking Open-Ended Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning at the Hyperscale7 Nov 2025
- 2025The Emergence of Complex Behavior in Large-Scale Ecological Environments21 Oct 2025
- 2025An Efficient Open World Environment for Multi-Agent Social Learning21 Aug 2025
- 2025Virtual Community: An Open World for Humans, Robots, and Society20 Aug 2025
- 2025Results of the NeurIPS 2023 Neural MMO Competition on Multi-task Reinforcement Learning17 Aug 2025
- 2025Level the Level: Balancing Game Levels for Asymmetric Player Archetypes With Reinforcement Learning31 Mar 2025
- 2025Simulation-Driven Balancing of Competitive Game Levels with Reinforcement Learning24 Mar 2025
- 2024Automating the Search for Artificial Life with Foundation Models23 Dec 2024
- 2024Syllabus: Portable Curricula for Reinforcement Learning Agents18 Nov 2024
- 2024Constrained Human-AI Cooperation: An Inclusive Embodied Social Intelligence Challenge4 Nov 2024
12 newest of 33 All 33 (JSON)