Joint Monocular 3D Vehicle Detection and Tracking
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Abstract (arXiv)
Vehicle 3D extents and trajectories are critical cues for predicting the future location of vehicles and planning future agent ego-motion based on those predictions. In this paper, we propose a novel online framework for 3D vehicle detection and tracking from monocular videos. The framework can not only associate detections of vehicles in motion over time, but also estimate their complete 3D bounding box information from a sequence of 2D images captured on a moving platform. Our method leverages 3D box depth-ordering matching for robust instance association and utilizes 3D trajectory prediction for re-identification of occluded vehicles. We also design a motion learning module based on an LSTM for more accurate long-term motion extrapolation. Our experiments on simulation, KITTI, and Argoverse datasets show that our 3D tracking pipeline offers robust data association and tracking. On Argoverse, our image-based method is significantly better for tracking 3D vehicles within 30 meters than the LiDAR-centric baseline methods.
Key facts. Cited by 77 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Nov 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 24; 2022: 25; 2023: 10; 2024: 7; 2025: 7; 2026: 4.
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- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2021EagerMOT: 3D Multi-Object Tracking via Sensor Fusioncited by 83
- 2021Monocular Quasi-Dense 3D Object Trackingcited by 81
- 2022Dynamic Spatial Propagation Network for Depth Completioncited by 71
- 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?cited by 69
- 2021DEFT: Detection Embeddings for Trackingcited by 56
- 2022CAMO-MOT: Combined Appearance-Motion Optimization for 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Camera-LiDAR Fusioncited by 50
- 2021MultiBodySync: Multi-Body Segmentation and Motion Estimation via 3D Scan Synchronizationcited by 46
- 20213D-SiamRPN: An End-to-End Learning Method for Real-Time 3D Single Object Tracking Using Raw Point Cloudcited by 45
- 2021Auto4D: Learning to Label 4D Objects from Sequential Point Cloudscited by 42
- 2023Incremental 3D Semantic Scene Graph Prediction from RGB Sequencescited by 39
- 2022STCrowd: A Multimodal Dataset for Pedestrian Perception in Crowded Scenescited by 35
38 more
- 2021Deep Learning on Monocular Object Pose Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Overviewcited by 31
- 2022CC-3DT: Panoramic 3D Object Tracking via Cross-Camera Fusioncited by 31
- 2022Time3D: End-to-End Joint Monocular 3D Object Detection and Tracking for Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
- 2022Quo Vadis: Is Trajectory Forecasting the Key Towards Long-Term Multi-Object Tracking?cited by 29
- 2021Attention meets Geometry: Geometry Guided Spatial-Temporal Attention for Consistent Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 27
- 2021Track without Appearance: Learn Box and Tracklet Embedding with Local and Global Motion Patterns for Vehicle Trackingcited by 26
- 2022TripletTrack: 3D Object Tracking using Triplet Embeddings and LSTMcited by 26
- 2022A Lightweight and Detector-free 3D Single Object Tracker on Point Cloudscited by 23
- 2021ODAM: Object Detection, Association, and Mapping using Posed RGB Videocited by 22
- 2021TrackMPNN: A Message Passing Graph Neural Architecture for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 21
- 2021Looking Beyond Two Frames: End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking Using Spatial and Temporal Transformerscited by 21
- 2021MonoGRNet: A General Framework for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 20
- 2022Multi-Camera Multiple 3D Object Tracking on the Move for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 20
- 2021Split and Connect: A Universal Tracklet Booster for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 17
- 2022RayTran: 3D pose estimation and shape reconstruction of multiple objects from videos with ray-traced transformerscited by 17
- 2024MonoMAE: Enhancing Monocular 3D Detection through Depth-Aware Masked Autoencoderscited by 16
- 2023Pixel-Aligned Recurrent Queries for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2022Towards Sequence-Level Training for Visual Trackingcited by 13
- 2022Synthehicle: Multi-Vehicle Multi-Camera Tracking in Virtual Citiescited by 12
- 2022Depth Estimation Matters Most: Improving Per-Object Depth Estimation for Monocular 3D Detection and Trackingcited by 9
- 2023LEGO: Learning and Graph-Optimized Modular Tracker for Online Multi-Object Tracking with Point Cloudscited by 9
- 2021Know Your Surroundings: Panoramic Multi-Object Tracking by Multimodality Collaborationcited by 8
- 2022Towards PAC Multi-Object Detection and Trackingcited by 8
- 2022Recent Advances in Embedding Methods for Multi-Object Tracking: A Surveycited by 8
- 2022Depth Perspective-aware Multiple Object Trackingcited by 8
- 2021CFTrack: Center-based Radar and Camera Fusion for 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 7
- 2022Deep Learning based Computer Vision Methods for Complex Traffic Environments Perception: A Reviewcited by 7
- 2022Multi-Camera Multi-Object Tracking on the Move via Single-Stage Global Association Approachcited by 7
- 2024SPAMming Labels: Efficient Annotations for the Trackers of Tomorrowcited by 7
- 2021Online Adaptation for Implicit Object Tracking and Shape Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 6
- 2022InterTrack: Interaction Transformer for 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 6
- 2021Joint 3D Object Detection and Tracking Using Spatio-Temporal Representation of Camera Image and LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 5
- 2022Tracking by Associating Clipscited by 5
- 2024MTMMC: A Large-Scale Real-World Multi-Modal Camera Tracking Benchmarkcited by 5
- 2024ProMotion: Prototypes As Motion Learnerscited by 5
- 2025Seg2Track-SAM2: SAM2-based Multi-object Tracking and Segmentationcited by 4
- 2021A system of vision sensor based deep neural networks for complex driving scene analysis in support of crash risk assessment and preventioncited by 3
- 2022ViewBirdiformer: Learning to recover ground-plane crowd trajectories and ego-motion from a single ego-centric viewcited by 3
50 most cited of 77 All 77 (JSON)
- 2026Infrastructure-based Monocular 3D Vehicle Localization Framework with Experimental Validation1 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond the Image Plane: World-Grounded Queries for Multi-Object Tracking1 Sep 2026
- 2026A Pedestrian-Vehicle Interaction Benchmark and Annotation Framework for Unstructured Scenes via Uncalibrated Cameras25 May 2026
- 2026Dual-level Adaptation for Multi-Object Tracking: Building Test-Time Calibration from Experience and Intuition23 Mar 2026
- 2025Enhancing 3D Semantic Scene Completion with a Refinement Module20 Dec 2025
- 2025LeAD-M3D: Leveraging Asymmetric Distillation for Real-Time Monocular 3D Detection5 Dec 2025
- 2025StableTrack: Stabilizing Multi-Object Tracking on Low-Frequency Detections25 Nov 2025
- 2025EPIPTrack: Rethinking Prompt Modeling with Explicit and Implicit Prompts for Multi-Object Tracking15 Oct 2025
- 2025Seg2Track-SAM2: SAM2-based Multi-object Tracking and Segmentation15 Sep 2025
- 2025S3MOT: Monocular 3D Object Tracking with Selective State Space Model25 Apr 2025
- 2025NF-SLAM: Effective, Normalizing Flow-supported Neural Field representations for object-level visual SLAM in automotive applications14 Mar 2025
- 2024Real-time Stereo-based 3D Object Detection for Streaming Perception16 Oct 2024
38 more
- 2024ProMotion: Prototypes As Motion Learners7 Jun 2024
- 2024MonoMAE: Enhancing Monocular 3D Detection through Depth-Aware Masked Autoencoders13 May 2024
- 2024DeepKalPose: An Enhanced Deep-Learning Kalman Filter for Temporally Consistent Monocular Vehicle Pose Estimation25 Apr 2024
- 2024SPAMming Labels: Efficient Annotations for the Trackers of Tomorrow17 Apr 2024
- 2024MTMMC: A Large-Scale Real-World Multi-Modal Camera Tracking Benchmark29 Mar 2024
- 2024Multi-Object Tracking with Camera-LiDAR Fusion for Autonomous Driving6 Mar 2024
- 2023Pixel-Aligned Recurrent Queries for Multi-View 3D Object Detection2 Oct 2023
- 2023Polygon Intersection-over-Union Loss for Viewpoint-Agnostic Monocular 3D Vehicle Detection13 Sep 2023
- 2023Occlusion-Aware Detection and Re-ID Calibrated Network for Multi-Object Tracking30 Aug 2023
- 2023LEGO: Learning and Graph-Optimized Modular Tracker for Online Multi-Object Tracking with Point Clouds19 Aug 2023
- 2023Tracking Objects with 3D Representation from Videos8 Jun 2023
- 2023Incremental 3D Semantic Scene Graph Prediction from RGB Sequences4 May 2023
- 2023Privacy-preserving Pedestrian Tracking using Distributed 3D LiDARs17 Mar 2023
- 2023GOOD: General Optimization-based Fusion for 3D Object Detection via LiDAR-Camera Object Candidates17 Mar 2023
- 20233D Multi-Object Tracking Based on Uncertainty-Guided Data Association3 Mar 2023
- 2023Uncertainty-Aware AB3DMOT by Variational 3D Object Detection12 Feb 2023
- 2022Tracking by Associating Clips20 Dec 2022
- 2022CC-3DT: Panoramic 3D Object Tracking via Cross-Camera Fusion2 Dec 2022
- 2022Multi-Camera Multi-Object Tracking on the Move via Single-Stage Global Association Approach17 Nov 2022
- 2022Deep Learning based Computer Vision Methods for Complex Traffic Environments Perception: A Review9 Nov 2022
- 2022TripletTrack: 3D Object Tracking using Triplet Embeddings and LSTM28 Oct 2022
- 2022A Flexible-Frame-Rate Vision-Aided Inertial Object Tracking System for Mobile Devices22 Oct 2022
- 2022Quo Vadis: Is Trajectory Forecasting the Key Towards Long-Term Multi-Object Tracking?14 Oct 2022
- 2022ViewBirdiformer: Learning to recover ground-plane crowd trajectories and ego-motion from a single ego-centric view12 Oct 2022
- 2022CAMO-MOT: Combined Appearance-Motion Optimization for 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Camera-LiDAR Fusion6 Sep 2022
- 2022Synthehicle: Multi-Vehicle Multi-Camera Tracking in Virtual Cities30 Aug 2022
- 2022InterTrack: Interaction Transformer for 3D Multi-Object Tracking17 Aug 2022
- 2022Towards Sequence-Level Training for Visual Tracking11 Aug 2022
- 2022PieTrack: An MOT solution based on synthetic data training and self-supervised domain adaptation22 Jul 2022
- 2022Depth Perspective-aware Multiple Object Tracking10 Jul 2022
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Survey19 Jun 2022
- 2022Depth Estimation Matters Most: Improving Per-Object Depth Estimation for Monocular 3D Detection and Tracking8 Jun 2022
- 2022Time3D: End-to-End Joint Monocular 3D Object Detection and Tracking for Autonomous Driving30 May 2022
- 2022Recent Advances in Embedding Methods for Multi-Object Tracking: A Survey22 May 2022
- 2022Multi-Camera Multiple 3D Object Tracking on the Move for Autonomous Vehicles19 Apr 2022
- 2022Towards PAC Multi-Object Detection and Tracking15 Apr 2022
- 2022STCrowd: A Multimodal Dataset for Pedestrian Perception in Crowded Scenes3 Apr 2022
- 2022RayTran: 3D pose estimation and shape reconstruction of multiple objects from videos with ray-traced transformers24 Mar 2022
50 newest of 77 All 77 (JSON)
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2021EagerMOT: 3D Multi-Object Tracking via Sensor Fusioncited by 83
- 2021Monocular Quasi-Dense 3D Object Trackingcited by 81
- 2022Dynamic Spatial Propagation Network for Depth Completioncited by 71
- 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?cited by 69
- 2021DEFT: Detection Embeddings for Trackingcited by 56
- 2022CAMO-MOT: Combined Appearance-Motion Optimization for 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Camera-LiDAR Fusioncited by 50
- 2021MultiBodySync: Multi-Body Segmentation and Motion Estimation via 3D Scan Synchronizationcited by 46
- 20213D-SiamRPN: An End-to-End Learning Method for Real-Time 3D Single Object Tracking Using Raw Point Cloudcited by 45
- 2021Auto4D: Learning to Label 4D Objects from Sequential Point Cloudscited by 42
- 2023Incremental 3D Semantic Scene Graph Prediction from RGB Sequencescited by 39
- 2022STCrowd: A Multimodal Dataset for Pedestrian Perception in Crowded Scenescited by 35
12 most cited of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2026Infrastructure-based Monocular 3D Vehicle Localization Framework with Experimental Validation1 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond the Image Plane: World-Grounded Queries for Multi-Object Tracking1 Sep 2026
- 2026A Pedestrian-Vehicle Interaction Benchmark and Annotation Framework for Unstructured Scenes via Uncalibrated Cameras25 May 2026
- 2026Dual-level Adaptation for Multi-Object Tracking: Building Test-Time Calibration from Experience and Intuition23 Mar 2026
- 2025Enhancing 3D Semantic Scene Completion with a Refinement Module20 Dec 2025
- 2025LeAD-M3D: Leveraging Asymmetric Distillation for Real-Time Monocular 3D Detection5 Dec 2025
- 2025StableTrack: Stabilizing Multi-Object Tracking on Low-Frequency Detections25 Nov 2025
- 2025EPIPTrack: Rethinking Prompt Modeling with Explicit and Implicit Prompts for Multi-Object Tracking15 Oct 2025
- 2025Seg2Track-SAM2: SAM2-based Multi-object Tracking and Segmentation15 Sep 2025
- 2025NF-SLAM: Effective, Normalizing Flow-supported Neural Field representations for object-level visual SLAM in automotive applications14 Mar 2025
- 2024Real-time Stereo-based 3D Object Detection for Streaming Perception16 Oct 2024
- 2024ProMotion: Prototypes As Motion Learners7 Jun 2024
12 newest of 75 All 75 (JSON)