mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Explainable Prediction of Medical Codes from Clinical Text

arXiv 1802.05695 ↗First posted 15 Feb 2018cs.CL cs.LG stat.MLcited by 231

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Clinical notes are text documents that are created by clinicians for each patient encounter. They are typically accompanied by medical codes, which describe the diagnosis and treatment. Annotating these codes is labor intensive and error prone; furthermore, the connection between the codes and the text is not annotated, obscuring the reasons and details behind specific diagnoses and treatments. We present an attentional convolutional network that predicts medical codes from clinical text. Our method aggregates information across the document using a convolutional neural network, and uses an attention mechanism to select the most relevant segments for each of the thousands of possible codes. The method is accurate, achieving precision@8 of 0.71 and a Micro-F1 of 0.54, which are both better than the prior state of the art. Furthermore, through an interpretability evaluation by a physician, we show that the attention mechanism identifies meaningful explanations for each code assignment

Key facts. Cited by 231 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 15 Feb 2018.

Builds on

No reference list yet.

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 40; 2022: 47; 2023: 38; 2024: 39; 2025: 36; 2026: 31.

231 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2022Towards Faithful Model Explanation in NLP: A Surveycited by 129
  2. 2022Semantic Probabilistic Layers for Neuro-Symbolic Learningcited by 103
  3. 2021Trustworthy AI: A Computational Perspectivecited by 93
  4. 2021MultiEURLEX -- A multi-lingual and multi-label legal document classification dataset for zero-shot cross-lingual transfercited by 89
  5. 2022Code Synonyms Do Matter: Multiple Synonyms Matching Network for Automatic ICD Codingcited by 52
  6. 2022PLM-ICD: Automatic ICD Coding with Pretrained Language Modelscited by 49
  7. 2022Revisiting Transformer-based Models for Long Document Classificationcited by 48
  8. 2023Automated Medical Coding on MIMIC-III and MIMIC-IV: A Critical Review and Replicability Studycited by 48
  9. 2022Knowledge Injected Prompt Based Fine-tuning for Multi-label Few-shot ICD Codingcited by 40
  10. 2021Does the Magic of BERT Apply to Medical Code Assignment? A Quantitative Studycited by 39
  11. 2022On the Explainability of Natural Language Processing Deep Modelscited by 37
  12. 2021Neural Natural Language Processing for Unstructured Data in Electronic Health Records: a Reviewcited by 35
38 more
  1. 2024PadChest-GR: A Bilingual Chest X-ray Dataset for Grounded Radiology Report Generationcited by 35
  2. 2022Automated Clinical Coding: What, Why, and Where We Are?cited by 33
  3. 2021Is Sparse Attention more Interpretable?cited by 31
  4. 2022A Survey on Graph Counterfactual Explanations: Definitions, Methods, Evaluation, and Research Challengescited by 30
  5. 2023DRG-LLaMA : Tuning LLaMA Model to Predict Diagnosis-related Group for Hospitalized Patientscited by 29
  6. 2021Explain, Edit, and Understand: Rethinking User Study Design for Evaluating Model Explanationscited by 26
  7. 2022A Unified Review of Deep Learning for Automated Medical Codingcited by 26
  8. 2022Improving the Generalizability of Depression Detection by Leveraging Clinical Questionnairescited by 26
  9. 2021Towards BERT-based Automatic ICD Coding: Limitations and Opportunitiescited by 25
  10. 2021Read, Attend, and Code: Pushing the Limits of Medical Codes Prediction from Clinical Notes by Machinescited by 23
  11. 2022Improved Multi-label Classification under Temporal Concept Drift: Rethinking Group-Robust Algorithms in a Label-Wise Settingcited by 23
  12. 2023An Exploration of Encoder-Decoder Approaches to Multi-Label Classification for Legal and Biomedical Textcited by 23
  13. 2024ClinicalMamba: A Generative Clinical Language Model on Longitudinal Clinical Notescited by 22
  14. 2023A Pseudo-Semantic Loss for Autoregressive Models with Logical Constraintscited by 21
  15. 2022A Survey of Methods for Addressing Class Imbalance in Deep-Learning Based Natural Language Processingcited by 20
  16. 2024Can Large Language Models abstract Medical Coded Language?cited by 20
  17. 2023Mimic-IV-ICD: A new benchmark for eXtreme MultiLabel Classificationcited by 19
  18. 2023MDACE: MIMIC Documents Annotated with Code Evidencecited by 19
  19. 2022Label Semantic Aware Pre-training for Few-shot Text Classificationcited by 18
  20. 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Self-Interpretable Neural Networkscited by 18
  21. 2025The Rise of Small Language Models in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 18
  22. 2024CoRelation: Boosting Automatic ICD Coding Through Contextualized Code Relation Learningcited by 17
  23. 2021Attention-based Clinical Note Summarizationcited by 16
  24. 2022Explainability in Graph Neural Networks: An Experimental Surveycited by 16
  25. 2022CAVES: A Dataset to facilitate Explainable Classification and Summarization of Concerns towards COVID Vaccinescited by 16
  26. 2022Multi-label Few-shot ICD Coding as Autoregressive Generation with Promptcited by 16
  27. 2021Multi-granular Legal Topic Classification on Greek Legislationcited by 15
  28. 2021Explainable Deep Learning in Healthcare: A Methodological Survey from an Attribution Viewcited by 15
  29. 2023CHiLL: Zero-shot Custom Interpretable Feature Extraction from Clinical Notes with Large Language Modelscited by 15
  30. 2024Exploring LLM Multi-Agents for ICD Codingcited by 14
  31. 2024Enhancing Healthcare through Large Language Models: A Study on Medical Question Answeringcited by 14
  32. 2021TransICD: Transformer Based Code-wise Attention Model for Explainable ICD Codingcited by 13
  33. 2022Multimodal data matters: language model pre-training over structured and unstructured electronic health recordscited by 13
  34. 2022Hierarchical Label-wise Attention Transformer Model for Explainable ICD Codingcited by 13
  35. 2023A Review on Knowledge Graphs for Healthcare: Resources, Applications, and Promisescited by 13
  36. 2023Interpretable Medical Diagnostics with Structured Data Extraction by Large Language Modelscited by 13
  37. 2021Description-based Label Attention Classifier for Explainable ICD-9 Classificationcited by 12
  38. 2021Efficient Symptom Inquiring and Diagnosis via Adaptive Alignment of Reinforcement Learning and Classificationcited by 12

50 most cited of 231 All 231 (JSON)