mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Code Synonyms Do Matter: Multiple Synonyms Matching Network for Automatic ICD Coding

arXiv 2203.01515 ↗First posted 3 Mar 2022cs.CLcited by 52

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Abstract (arXiv)

Automatic ICD coding is defined as assigning disease codes to electronic medical records (EMRs). Existing methods usually apply label attention with code representations to match related text snippets. Unlike these works that model the label with the code hierarchy or description, we argue that the code synonyms can provide more comprehensive knowledge based on the observation that the code expressions in EMRs vary from their descriptions in ICD. By aligning codes to concepts in UMLS, we collect synonyms of every code. Then, we propose a multiple synonyms matching network to leverage synonyms for better code representation learning, and finally help the code classification. Experiments on the MIMIC-III dataset show that our proposed method outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods.

Key facts. Cited by 52 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Mar 2022.

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13 of 33 references.

References · 13

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  3. 2013Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Spacecited by 4,346
  4. 2018Explainable Prediction of Medical Codes from Clinical Textcited by 231
  5. 2021R-Drop: Regularized Dropout for Neural Networkscited by 202
  6. 2019ICD Coding from Clinical Text Using Multi-Filter Residual Convolutional Neural Networkcited by 73
  7. 2020Biomedical Entity Representations with Synonym Marginalizationcited by 59
  8. 2020CODER: Knowledge infused cross-lingual medical term embedding for term normalizationcited by 53
  9. 2021Does the Magic of BERT Apply to Medical Code Assignment? A Quantitative Studycited by 39
  10. 2017Towards Automated ICD Coding Using Deep Learningcited by 35
  11. 2020Inferring Degrees from Incomplete Networks and Nonlinear Dynamicscited by 33
  12. 2021Towards BERT-based Automatic ICD Coding: Limitations and Opportunitiescited by 25
1 more
  1. 2021Read, Attend, and Code: Pushing the Limits of Medical Codes Prediction from Clinical Notes by Machinescited by 23

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 8; 2023: 12; 2024: 14; 2025: 11; 2026: 7.

52 papers.

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  1. 2022Revisiting Transformer-based Models for Long Document Classificationcited by 48
  2. 2023Automated Medical Coding on MIMIC-III and MIMIC-IV: A Critical Review and Replicability Studycited by 48
  3. 2022Knowledge Injected Prompt Based Fine-tuning for Multi-label Few-shot ICD Codingcited by 40
  4. 2022Automated Clinical Coding: What, Why, and Where We Are?cited by 33
  5. 2022Clinical Prompt Learning with Frozen Language Modelscited by 19
  6. 2023Mimic-IV-ICD: A new benchmark for eXtreme MultiLabel Classificationcited by 19
  7. 2023MDACE: MIMIC Documents Annotated with Code Evidencecited by 19
  8. 2024CoRelation: Boosting Automatic ICD Coding Through Contextualized Code Relation Learningcited by 17
  9. 2022Multi-label Few-shot ICD Coding as Autoregressive Generation with Promptcited by 16
  10. 2024Exploring LLM Multi-Agents for ICD Codingcited by 14
  11. 2025Code Like Humans: A Multi-Agent Solution for Medical Codingcited by 10
  12. 2024Accurate and Well-Calibrated ICD Code Assignment Through Attention Over Diverse Label Embeddingscited by 9
38 more
  1. 2023A Two-Stage Decoder for Efficient ICD Codingcited by 8
  2. 2022Can Current Explainability Help Provide References in Clinical Notes to Support Humans Annotate Medical Codes?cited by 7
  3. 2023Modelling Temporal Document Sequences for Clinical ICD Codingcited by 7
  4. 2025A General Knowledge Injection Framework for ICD Codingcited by 7
  5. 2022TCM-SD: A Benchmark for Probing Syndrome Differentiation via Natural Language Processingcited by 6
  6. 2023Surpassing GPT-4 Medical Coding with a Two-Stage Approachcited by 6
  7. 2024TempoFormer: A Transformer for Temporally-aware Representations in Change Detectioncited by 5
  8. 2024Aligning AI Research with the Needs of Clinical Coding Workflows: Eight Recommendations Based on US Data Analysis and Critical Reviewcited by 5
  9. 2023Towards Semi-Structured Automatic ICD Coding via Tree-based Contrastive Learningcited by 4
  10. 2024Auxiliary Knowledge-Induced Learning for Automatic Multi-Label Medical Document Classificationcited by 3
  11. 2025CliniQ: A Multi-faceted Benchmark for Electronic Health Record Retrieval with Semantic Match Assessmentcited by 3
  12. 2025MedDCR: Learning to Design Agentic Workflows for Medical Codingcited by 3
  13. 2026Graph Inference Towards ICD Codingcited by 3
  14. 2023Sig-Networks Toolkit: Signature Networks for Longitudinal Language Modellingcited by 2
  15. 2024Similarity-Dissimilarity Loss for Multi-label Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 2
  16. 2022Medical Codes Prediction from Clinical Notes: From Human Coders to Machinescited by 1
  17. 2023MHLAT: Multi-hop Label-wise Attention Model for Automatic ICD Codingcited by 1
  18. 2023Text2Tree: Aligning Text Representation to the Label Tree Hierarchy for Imbalanced Medical Classificationcited by 1
  19. 2023Automated Clinical Coding for Outpatient Departmentscited by 1
  20. 2024A Novel ICD Coding Method Based on Associated and Hierarchical Code Description Distillationcited by 1
  21. 2024Continuous Predictive Modeling of Clinical Notes and ICD Codes in Patient Health Recordscited by 1
  22. 2024NoteContrast: Contrastive Language-Diagnostic Pretraining for Medical Textcited by 1
  23. 2025RuCCoD: Towards Automated ICD Coding in Russiancited by 1
  24. 2025Evaluation and LLM-Guided Learning of ICD Coding Rationalescited by 1
  25. 2023XAIQA: Explainer-Based Data Augmentation for Extractive Question Answeringcited by 0
  26. 2024Improving ICD coding using Chapter based Named Entities and Attentional Modelscited by 0
  27. 2024A Novel Method to Metigate Demographic and Expert Bias in ICD Coding with Causal Inferencecited by 0
  28. 2024Don't Pay Attention, PLANT It: Pretraining Attention via Learning-to-Rankcited by 0
  29. 2024CRTRE: Causal Rule Generation with Target Trial Emulation Frameworkcited by 0
  30. 2025MKE-Coder: Multi-Axial Knowledge with Evidence Verification in ICD Coding for Chinese EMRscited by 0
  31. 2025Predictive Multimodal Modeling of Diagnoses and Treatments in EHRcited by 0
  32. 2025Structured Information Matters: Explainable ICD Coding with Patient-Level Knowledge Graphscited by 0
  33. 2025TraceCoder: Towards Traceable ICD Coding via Multi-Source Knowledge Integrationcited by 0
  34. 2025Enhancing Rare Codes via Probability-Biased Directed Graph Attention for Long-Tail ICD Codingcited by 0
  35. 2026From Documents to Spans: Scalable Supervision for Evidence-Based ICD Coding with LLMscited by 0
  36. 2026Bridging the Version Gap: Multi-version Training Improves ICD Code Prediction, Especially for Rare Codescited by 0
  37. 2026Generalistic or Specific Embeddings, Which is Better? An Empirical Study on Search for Clinical Coding in Non-English Languagescited by 0
  38. 2026Graph-Constrained Policy Learning for Extreme Clinical Code Predictioncited by 0

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