mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Deep Knowledge Tracing

arXiv 1506.05908 ↗First posted 19 Jun 2015cs.AI cs.CY cs.LGcited by 328

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Abstract (arXiv)

Knowledge tracing---where a machine models the knowledge of a student as they interact with coursework---is a well established problem in computer supported education. Though effectively modeling student knowledge would have high educational impact, the task has many inherent challenges. In this paper we explore the utility of using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to model student learning. The RNN family of models have important advantages over previous methods in that they do not require the explicit encoding of human domain knowledge, and can capture more complex representations of student knowledge. Using neural networks results in substantial improvements in prediction performance on a range of knowledge tracing datasets. Moreover the learned model can be used for intelligent curriculum design and allows straightforward interpretation and discovery of structure in student tasks. These results suggest a promising new line of research for knowledge tracing and an exemplary application task for RNNs.

Key facts. Cited by 328 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Jun 2015.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 41; 2022: 32; 2023: 48; 2024: 53; 2025: 82; 2026: 72.

328 papers.

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  1. 2022Knowledge Tracing: A Surveycited by 76
  2. 2022pyKT: A Python Library to Benchmark Deep Learning based Knowledge Tracing Modelscited by 50
  3. 2023simpleKT: A Simple But Tough-to-Beat Baseline for Knowledge Tracingcited by 44
  4. 2024Exploring Knowledge Tracing in Tutor-Student Dialogues using LLMscited by 44
  5. 2024EduAgent: Generative Student Agents in Learningcited by 41
  6. 2025Training LLM-based Tutors to Improve Student Learning Outcomes in Dialoguescited by 40
  7. 2021MathBERT: A Pre-trained Language Model for General NLP Tasks in Mathematics Educationcited by 37
  8. 2021Deep Learning Methods for Vessel Trajectory Prediction based on Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 32
  9. 2023Improving Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Models with Question-centric Cognitive Representationscited by 32
  10. 2025Agent4Edu: Generating Learner Response Data by Generative Agents for Intelligent Education Systemscited by 32
  11. 2021Enhancing Knowledge Tracing via Adversarial Trainingcited by 30
  12. 2021A Survey of Knowledge Tracing: Models, Variants, and Applicationscited by 29
38 more
  1. 2024Bringing Generative AI to Adaptive Learning in Educationcited by 24
  2. 2022Bi-CLKT: Bi-Graph Contrastive Learning based Knowledge Tracingcited by 23
  3. 2023Enhancing Deep Knowledge Tracing with Auxiliary Taskscited by 23
  4. 2021Question Generation for Adaptive Educationcited by 22
  5. 2024Towards Modeling Learner Performance with Large Language Modelscited by 20
  6. 2024Language Model Can Do Knowledge Tracing: Simple but Effective Method to Integrate Language Model and Knowledge Tracing Taskcited by 20
  7. 2023Adaptive and Personalized Exercise Generation for Online Language Learningcited by 18
  8. 2024Towards Robust Knowledge Tracing Models via k-Sparse Attentioncited by 18
  9. 2021Quality meets Diversity: A Model-Agnostic Framework for Computerized Adaptive Testingcited by 17
  10. 2021Deep Graph Memory Networks for Forgetting-Robust Knowledge Tracingcited by 17
  11. 2022Evaluating the Explainers: Black-Box Explainable Machine Learning for Student Success Prediction in MOOCscited by 17
  12. 2022Code-DKT: A Code-based Knowledge Tracing Model for Programming Taskscited by 16
  13. 2023Leveraging generative artificial intelligence to simulate student learning behaviorcited by 16
  14. 2024CLST: Cold-Start Mitigation in Knowledge Tracing by Aligning a Generative Language Model as a Students' Knowledge Tracercited by 16
  15. 2023Generating and Evaluating Tests for K-12 Students with Language Model Simulations: A Case Study on Sentence Reading Efficiencycited by 15
  16. 2025Classroom Simulacra: Building Contextual Student Generative Agents in Online Education for Learning Behavioral Simulationcited by 15
  17. 2021Interpretable Knowledge Tracing: Simple and Efficient Student Modeling with Causal Relationscited by 14
  18. 2021Personalized Education in the AI Era: What to Expect Next?cited by 13
  19. 2022Mitigating Biases in Student Performance Prediction via Attention-Based Personalized Federated Learningcited by 13
  20. 2022Self-supervised Graph Learning for Long-tailed Cognitive Diagnosiscited by 13
  21. 2023Adapting Large Language Models for Education: Foundational Capabilities, Potentials, and Challengescited by 13
  22. 2024Generative AI for Education (GAIED): Advances, Opportunities, and Challengescited by 13
  23. 2024Predictive, scalable and interpretable knowledge tracing on structured domainscited by 13
  24. 2021pyBKT: An Accessible Python Library of Bayesian Knowledge Tracing Modelscited by 12
  25. 2021Beyond "Fairness:" Structural (In)justice Lenses on AI for Educationcited by 12
  26. 2021Multi-Factors Aware Dual-Attentional Knowledge Tracingcited by 12
  27. 2023Forgetting-aware Linear Bias for Attentive Knowledge Tracingcited by 12
  28. 2025Disentangled Knowledge Tracing for Alleviating Cognitive Biascited by 12
  29. 2021Option Tracing: Beyond Correctness Analysis in Knowledge Tracingcited by 11
  30. 2023MoocRadar: A Fine-grained and Multi-aspect Knowledge Repository for Improving Cognitive Student Modeling in MOOCscited by 11
  31. 2024Instruct, Not Assist: LLM-based Multi-Turn Planning and Hierarchical Questioning for Socratic Code Debuggingcited by 11
  32. 2024Automated Knowledge Concept Annotation and Question Representation Learning for Knowledge Tracingcited by 11
  33. 2025Modeling Student Learning with 3.8 Million Program Tracescited by 10
  34. 2021PEEK: A Large Dataset of Learner Engagement with Educational Videoscited by 9
  35. 2021Programming Knowledge Tracing: A Comprehensive Dataset and A New Modelcited by 9
  36. 2022Privacy-Preserving Synthetic Educational Data Generationcited by 9
  37. 2022DGEKT: A Dual Graph Ensemble Learning Method for Knowledge Tracingcited by 9
  38. 2024SINKT: A Structure-Aware Inductive Knowledge Tracing Model with Large Language Modelcited by 9

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