mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Adaptive and Personalized Exercise Generation for Online Language Learning

arXiv 2306.02457 ↗First posted 4 Jun 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 18

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Abstract (arXiv)

Adaptive learning aims to provide customized educational activities (e.g., exercises) to address individual learning needs. However, manual construction and delivery of such activities is a laborious process. Thus, in this paper, we study a novel task of adaptive and personalized exercise generation for online language learning. To this end, we combine a knowledge tracing model that estimates each student's evolving knowledge states from their learning history and a controlled text generation model that generates exercise sentences based on the student's current estimated knowledge state and instructor requirements of desired properties (e.g., domain knowledge and difficulty). We train and evaluate our model on real-world learner interaction data from Duolingo and demonstrate that LMs guided by student states can generate superior exercises. Then, we discuss the potential use of our model in educational applications using various simulations. These simulations show that our model can adapt to students' individual abilities and can facilitate their learning efficiency by personalizing learning sequences.

Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Jun 2023.

Builds on

21 of 49 references.

References · 21

  1. 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,874
  2. 2019Fine-Tuning Language Models from Human Preferencescited by 2,124
  3. 2019Plug and Play Language Models: A Simple Approach to Controlled Text Generationcited by 793
  4. 2019CTRL: A Conditional Transformer Language Model for Controllable Generationcited by 754
  5. 2021FUDGE: Controlled Text Generation With Future Discriminatorscited by 374
  6. 2015Deep Knowledge Tracingcited by 328
  7. 2019A Self-Attentive model for Knowledge Tracingcited by 169
  8. 2021NeuroLogic A*esque Decoding: Constrained Text Generation with Lookahead Heuristicscited by 153
  9. 2017Controlling Linguistic Style Aspects in Neural Language Generationcited by 147
  10. 2018Learning to Write with Cooperative Discriminatorscited by 119
  11. 2019Knowledge Tracing with Sequential Key-Value Memory Networkscited by 60
  12. 2020SAINT+: Integrating Temporal Features for EdNet Correctness Predictioncited by 57
9 more
  1. 2018Addressing Two Problems in Deep Knowledge Tracing via Prediction-Consistent Regularizationcited by 53
  2. 2020Data Boost: Text Data Augmentation Through Reinforcement Learning Guided Conditional Generationcited by 47
  3. 2021Math Word Problem Generation with Mathematical Consistency and Problem Context Constraintscited by 27
  4. 2022Educational Question Generation of Children Storybooks via Question Type Distribution Learning and Event-Centric Summarizationcited by 26
  5. 2021Question Generation for Adaptive Educationcited by 22
  6. 2021Topic-Guided Abstractive Multi-Document Summarizationcited by 19
  7. 2018Second Language Acquisition Modeling: An Ensemble Approachcited by 4
  8. 2022Equity and Fairness of Bayesian Knowledge Tracingcited by 2
  9. 2022A Design of A Simple Yet Effective Exercise Recommendation System in K-12 Online Learningcited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 10; 2025: 7; 2026: 1.

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  1. 2024Break the Sequential Dependency of LLM Inference Using Lookahead Decodingcited by 295
  2. 2024From Matching to Generation: A Survey on Generative Information Retrievalcited by 89
  3. 2024Exploring Knowledge Tracing in Tutor-Student Dialogues using LLMscited by 44
  4. 2025Training LLM-based Tutors to Improve Student Learning Outcomes in Dialoguescited by 40
  5. 2025Classroom Simulacra: Building Contextual Student Generative Agents in Online Education for Learning Behavioral Simulationcited by 15
  6. 2024Automated Knowledge Concept Annotation and Question Representation Learning for Knowledge Tracingcited by 11
  7. 2024Natural Language Processing RELIES on Linguisticscited by 9
  8. 2025Multilingual Performance Biases of Large Language Models in Educationcited by 9
  9. 2025Generating Plausible Distractors for Multiple-Choice Questions via Student Choice Predictioncited by 8
  10. 2024Large Language Model Augmented Exercise Retrieval for Personalized Language Learningcited by 4
  11. 2025Personalized Exercise Recommendation with Semantically-Grounded Knowledge Tracingcited by 4
  12. 2024KARL: Knowledge-Aware Retrieval and Representations aid Retention and Learning in Studentscited by 2
6 more
  1. 2024Awaking the Slides: A Tuning-free and Knowledge-regulated AI Tutoring System via Language Model Coordinationcited by 2
  2. 2024AERA Chat: An Interactive Platform for Automated Explainable Student Answer Assessmentcited by 1
  3. 2025LangLingual: A Personalised, Exercise-oriented English Language Learning Tool Leveraging Large Language Modelscited by 1
  4. 2024How to Engage Your Readers? Generating Guiding Questions to Promote Active Readingcited by 0
  5. 2025Automatically Suggesting Diverse Example Sentences for L2 Japanese Learners Using Pre-Trained Language Modelscited by 0
  6. 2026What Makes Something Hard(er)? Explaining Question Difficulty in Natural Languagecited by 0