The Road Ahead in Autonomous Driving: The KITScenes Multimodal Dataset
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → End-to-end system architecture
Abstract (arXiv)
Existing autonomous driving datasets have enabled major progress, but fall short in sensor fidelity, map completeness, or geographic diversity. We present KITScenes Multimodal, a European dataset built around high-fidelity sensors and maps. Our fully synchronized sensor suite combines high-resolution global-shutter cameras, long-range lidar beyond 400m, 4D imaging radar, and redundant GNSS/INS localization. Our HD maps are, to our knowledge, the most complete of any sensor dataset, validated through autonomous driving trials on open-source software. For the first time in a public dataset, all driving-relevant traffic elements, such as traffic lights, are mapped in 3D to a reprojection-accurate level with full topological connectivity. Recorded in cities with irregular street layouts and mixed traffic modes, our dataset complements existing datasets by broadening the available geographic diversity. We also introduce four benchmarks, each advancing spatial learning for embodied AI: online HD map construction, long-range depth estimation, novel view synthesis, and end-to-end driving. Project page: https://kitscenes.com/
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in End-to-end system architecture, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 53 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Jun 2026.
Builds on
53 of 67 references.
Closest ancestors · 2
Same direction, newest first
- 2024Navigation-Guided Sparse Scene Representation for End-to-End Autonomous Driving26 Sep
- 2021NuPlan: A closed-loop ML-based planning benchmark for autonomous vehicles22 Jun
Other references · 51
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,523
- 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,451
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- 2023Argoverse 2: Next Generation Datasets for Self-Driving Perception and Forecastingcited by 707
- 2025Depth Anything 3: Recovering the Visual Space from Any Viewscited by 692
- 2023VAD: Vectorized Scene Representation for Efficient Autonomous Drivingcited by 622
- 2021KITTI-360: A Novel Dataset and Benchmarks for Urban Scene Understanding in 2D and 3Dcited by 575
- 2021Large Scale Interactive Motion Forecasting for Autonomous Driving : The Waymo Open Motion Datasetcited by 537
- 20193D Packing for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 439
- 2023Scaling Open-Vocabulary Object Detectioncited by 343
- 2022MapTR: Structured Modeling and Learning for Online Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 314
38 more
- 2025MapAnything: Universal Feed-Forward Metric 3D Reconstructioncited by 314
- 2023UniSim: A Neural Closed-Loop Sensor Simulatorcited by 297
- 2021HDMapNet: An Online HD Map Construction and Evaluation Frameworkcited by 281
- 2022VectorMapNet: End-to-end Vectorized HD Map Learningcited by 245
- 2024Street Gaussians: Modeling Dynamic Urban Scenes with Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
- 2021One Million Scenes for Autonomous Driving: ONCE Datasetcited by 218
- 2023EmerNeRF: Emergent Spatial-Temporal Scene Decomposition via Self-Supervisioncited by 217
- 2022Robot Operating System 2: Design, Architecture, and Uses In The Wildcited by 199
- 2023MapTRv2: An End-to-End Framework for Online Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 193
- 2018The ApolloScape Open Dataset for Autonomous Driving and its Applicationcited by 190
- 2023MARS: An Instance-aware, Modular and Realistic Simulator for Autonomous Drivingcited by 170
- 2024OmniRe: Omni Urban Scene Reconstructioncited by 161
- 2023StreamMapNet: Streaming Mapping Network for Vectorized Online HD Map Constructioncited by 145
- 2025Epona: Autoregressive Diffusion World Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 117
- 2024ReconDreamer: Crafting World Models for Driving Scene Reconstruction via Online Restorationcited by 89
- 2023PivotNet: Vectorized Pivot Learning for End-to-end HD Map Constructioncited by 85
- 2023OpenLane-V2: A Topology Reasoning Benchmark for Unified 3D HD Mappingcited by 83
- 2023Zenseact Open Dataset: A large-scale and diverse multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 83
- 2023End-to-End Vectorized HD-map Construction with Piecewise Bezier Curvecited by 82
- 2024MapTracker: Tracking with Strided Memory Fusion for Consistent Vector HD Mappingcited by 68
- 2024Leveraging Enhanced Queries of Point Sets for Vectorized Map Constructioncited by 46
- 2023Localization Is All You Evaluate: Data Leakage in Online Mapping Datasets and How to Fix Itcited by 44
- 2024Stream Query Denoising for Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 43
- 2024MAN TruckScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous trucking in diverse conditionscited by 41
- 2024Enhancing Vectorized Map Perception with Historical Rasterized Mapscited by 29
- 2022Trust, but Verify: Cross-Modality Fusion for HD Map Change Detectioncited by 25
- 2024MapExpert: Online HD Map Construction with Simple and Efficient Sparse Map Element Expertcited by 17
- 2024GlobalMapNet: An Online Framework for Vectorized Global HD Map Constructioncited by 13
- 2025HisTrackMap: Global Vectorized High-Definition Map Construction via History Map Trackingcited by 8
- 2025SDTagNet: Leveraging Text-Annotated Navigation Maps for Online HD Map Constructioncited by 8
- 2026UniDAC: Universal Metric Depth Estimation for Any Cameracited by 8
- 2025KISS-SLAM: A Simple, Robust, and Accurate 3D LiDAR SLAM System With Enhanced Generalization Capabilitiescited by 7
- 2026ReconDrive: Fast Feed-Forward 4D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Driving Scene Reconstructioncited by 6
- 2025Divide and Merge: Motion and Semantic Learning in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2026Reasoning models do not yet follow their reasoning in autonomous driving: The KITScenes LongTail Datasetcited by 4
- 20243DRef: 3D Dataset and Benchmark for Reflection Detection in RGB and Lidar Datacited by 3
- 2025Mapping like a Skeptic: Probabilistic BEV Projection for Online HD Mappingcited by 3
- 2024Users prefer Jpegli over same-sized libjpeg-turbo or MozJPEGcited by 2
50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.
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