Maps for Autonomous Driving: Full-process Survey and Frontiers
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → End-to-end system architecture
Abstract (arXiv)
Maps have always been an essential component of autonomous driving. With the advancement of autonomous driving technology, both the representation and production process of maps have evolved substantially. The article categorizes the evolution of maps into three stages: High-Definition (HD) maps, Lightweight (Lite) maps, and Implicit maps. For each stage, we provide a comprehensive review of the map production workflow, with highlighting technical challenges involved and summarizing relevant solutions proposed by the academic community. Furthermore, we discuss cutting-edge research advances in map representations and explore how these innovations can be integrated into end-to-end autonomous driving frameworks.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in End-to-end system architecture, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 81 of its 222 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Sep 2025.
Builds on
81 of 222 references.
Closest ancestors · 4
Same direction, newest first
- 2024DeepInteraction++: Multi-Modality Interaction for Autonomous Driving9 Aug
- 2024QuAD: Query-based Interpretable Neural Motion Planning for Autonomous Driving1 Apr
- 2023NeuRAD: Neural Rendering for Autonomous Driving26 Nov
- 2023FusionAD: Multi-modality Fusion for Prediction and Planning Tasks of Autonomous Driving2 Aug
Other references · 77
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
- 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,639
- 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,414
- 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,277
- 2015You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detectioncited by 4,852
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,523
- 2021Scaling Up Visual and Vision-Language Representation Learning With Noisy Text Supervisioncited by 3,864
- 2024Depth Anything: Unleashing the Power of Large-Scale Unlabeled Datacited by 1,360
- 2022CoCa: Contrastive Captioners are Image-Text Foundation Modelscited by 1,274
- 2022BEVFormer: Learning Bird's-Eye-View Representation from Multi-Camera Images via Spatiotemporal Transformerscited by 1,218
- 2020ORB-SLAM3: An Accurate Open-Source Library for Visual, Visual-Inertial and Multi-Map SLAMcited by 878
- 2025Cosmos World Foundation Model Platform for Physical AIcited by 864
38 more
- 2023Argoverse 2: Next Generation Datasets for Self-Driving Perception and Forecastingcited by 707
- 2023GAIA-1: A Generative World Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 637
- 2023DriveGPT4: Interpretable End-to-end Autonomous Driving via Large Language Modelcited by 461
- 2017VINS-Mono: A Robust and Versatile Monocular Visual-Inertial State Estimatorcited by 423
- 2023GPT-Driver: Learning to Drive with GPTcited by 347
- 20243D-VLA: A 3D Vision-Language-Action Generative World Modelcited by 328
- 2022MapTR: Structured Modeling and Learning for Online Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 314
- 2023OccFormer: Dual-path Transformer for Vision-based 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 293
- 2020Neural Radiance Flow for 4D View Synthesis and Video Processingcited by 270
- 2023DriveDreamer: Towards Real-world-driven World Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 261
- 2025AutoVLA: A Vision-Language-Action Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Adaptive Reasoning and Reinforcement Fine-Tuningcited by 260
- 2022VectorMapNet: End-to-end Vectorized HD Map Learningcited by 245
- 2023Think-on-Graph: Deep and Responsible Reasoning of Large Language Model on Knowledge Graphcited by 238
- 2024Street Gaussians: Modeling Dynamic Urban Scenes with Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
- 2023MapTRv2: An End-to-End Framework for Online Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 193
- 2017Spatial As Deep: Spatial CNN for Traffic Scene Understandingcited by 187
- 2025OpenDriveVLA: Towards End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Large Vision Language Action Modelcited by 176
- 2020Contrastive Learning of General-Purpose Audio Representationscited by 169
- 2023A Language Agent for Autonomous Drivingcited by 164
- 2023SparseBEV: High-Performance Sparse 3D Object Detection from Multi-Camera Videoscited by 150
- 2023StreamMapNet: Streaming Mapping Network for Vectorized Online HD Map Constructioncited by 145
- 2020Deep Learning for LiDAR Point Clouds in Autonomous Driving: A Reviewcited by 116
- 2022MeMOT: Multi-Object Tracking with Memorycited by 114
- 2022NeRFusion: Fusing Radiance Fields for Large-Scale Scene Reconstructioncited by 100
- 2023Sparse4D v2: Recurrent Temporal Fusion with Sparse Modelcited by 93
- 2023Point Cloud Forecasting as a Proxy for 4D Occupancy Forecastingcited by 78
- 2024OccSora: 4D Occupancy Generation Models as World Simulators for Autonomous Drivingcited by 78
- 2024MapTracker: Tracking with Strided Memory Fusion for Consistent Vector HD Mappingcited by 68
- 2024GaussianWorld: Gaussian World Model for Streaming 3D Occupancy Predictioncited by 67
- 2023Exploring Recurrent Long-term Temporal Fusion for Multi-view 3D Perceptioncited by 65
- 2024LoopSplat: Loop Closure by Registering 3D Gaussian Splatscited by 60
- 2023LaneSegNet: Map Learning with Lane Segment Perception for Autonomous Drivingcited by 57
- 2021HDMapGen: A Hierarchical Graph Generative Model of High Definition Mapscited by 40
- 2021RoadMap: A Light-Weight Semantic Map for Visual Localization towards Autonomous Drivingcited by 34
- 2023Collaborative Dynamic 3D Scene Graphs for Automated Drivingcited by 34
- 2023CP-SLAM: Collaborative Neural Point-based SLAM Systemcited by 32
- 2022LaRa: Latents and Rays for Multi-Camera Bird's-Eye-View Semantic Segmentationcited by 29
- 2023ViT-Lens: Towards Omni-modal Representationscited by 29
50 most cited of 77 All 77 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.
1 paper.
- 2026Scene Reconstruction as Mapping Priors for 3D Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Scene Reconstruction as Mapping Priors for 3D Detection21 May 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026The Road Ahead in Autonomous Driving: The KITScenes Multimodal Dataset
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontiers
- 2025MAP: End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Map-Assisted Planning
- 2025Learning-based 3D Reconstruction in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Survey
- 2024World Models for Autonomous Driving: An Initial Survey
- 2025The Role of World Models in Shaping Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Survey
- 2026RoadWeaver: Large-Scale Lane-Level HD Map Generation from Scratch for Autonomous Driving Simulation
- 2025From Static to Dynamic: a Survey of Topology-Aware Perception in Autonomous Driving