Do Androids Dream of Breaking the Game? Systematically Auditing AI Agent Benchmarks with BenchJack
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Abstract (arXiv)
Agent benchmarks have become the de facto measure of frontier AI competence, guiding model selection, investment, and deployment. However, reward hacking, where agents maximize a score without performing the intended task, emerges spontaneously in frontier models without overfitting. We argue that benchmarks must be secure by design. From past incidents of reward hacks, we derive a taxonomy of eight recurring flaw patterns and compile them into the Agent-Eval Checklist for benchmark designers. We condense the insights into BenchJack, an automated red-teaming system that drives coding agents to audit benchmarks and identify possible reward-hacking exploits in a clairvoyant manner. Moreover, we extend BenchJack to an iterative generative-adversarial pipeline that discovers new flaws and patches them iteratively to improve benchmark robustness. We apply BenchJack to 10 popular agent benchmarks spanning software engineering, web navigation, desktop computing, and terminal operations. BenchJack synthesizes reward-hacking exploits that achieve near-perfect scores on most of the benchmarks without solving a single task, surfacing 219 distinct flaws across the eight classes. Moreover, BenchJack's extended pipeline reduces the hackable-task ratio from near 100% to under 10% on four benchmarks without fatal design flaws, fully patching WebArena and OSWorld within three iterations. Our results show that evaluation pipelines have not internalized an adversarial mindset, and that proactive auditing could help close the security gap for the fast-paced benchmarking space.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 82 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 May 2026.
Builds on
34 of 82 references.
References · 34
- 2023SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?cited by 3,193
- 2016Concrete Problems in AI Safetycited by 1,582
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- 2023Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Modelscited by 227
- 2025Chain of Thought Monitorability: A New and Fragile Opportunity for AI Safetycited by 222
- 2025KernelBench: Can LLMs Write Efficient GPU Kernels?cited by 206
- 2021What Will it Take to Fix Benchmarking in Natural Language Understanding?cited by 200
- 2023Rethinking Benchmark and Contamination for Language Models with Rephrased Samplescited by 192
- 2023Stop Uploading Test Data in Plain Text: Practical Strategies for Mitigating Data Contamination by Evaluation Benchmarkscited by 139
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- 2021The Benchmark Lotterycited by 133
- 2022Goal Misgeneralization: Why Correct Specifications Aren't Enough For Correct Goalscited by 120
- 2024Is LLM-as-a-Judge Robust? Investigating Universal Adversarial Attacks on Zero-shot LLM Assessmentcited by 117
- 2025Natural Emergent Misalignment from Reward Hacking in Production RLcited by 111
- 2019Reward Tampering Problems and Solutions in Reinforcement Learning: A Causal Influence Diagram Perspectivecited by 107
- 2025UTBoost: Rigorous Evaluation of Coding Agents on SWE-Benchcited by 44
- 2025Recent Advances in Large Langauge Model Benchmarks against Data Contamination: From Static to Dynamic Evaluationcited by 38
- 2026ClawsBench: Evaluating Capability and Safety of LLM Productivity Agents in Simulated Workspacescited by 31
- 2025Dynamic Benchmarking of Reasoning Capabilities in Code Large Language Models Under Data Contaminationcited by 22
- 2026Benchmarking Reward Hack Detection in Code Environments via Contrastive Analysiscited by 15
- 2026Countdown-Code: A Testbed for Studying The Emergence and Generalization of Reward Hacking in RLVRcited by 15
- 2026BenchGuard: Who Guards the Benchmarks? Automated Auditing of LLM Agent Benchmarkscited by 13
- 2026SWE-ABS: Adversarial Benchmark Strengthening Exposes Inflated Success Rates on Test-based Benchmarkcited by 11
- 2026Detecting Safety Violations Across Many Agent Tracescited by 11
- 2026RewardHackingAgents: Benchmarking Evaluation Integrity for LLM ML-Engineering Agentscited by 10
- 2026Adversarial Reward Auditing for Active Detection and Mitigation of Reward Hackingcited by 9
- 2026Monitoring Emergent Reward Hacking During Generation via Internal Activationscited by 9
- 2025NetArena: Dynamic Benchmarks for AI Agents in Network Automationcited by 8
- 2025Investigating CoT Monitorability in Large Reasoning Modelscited by 8
- 2026Analyzing and Improving Chain-of-Thought Monitorability Through Information Theorycited by 7
- 2026Detecting and Suppressing Reward Hacking with Gradient Fingerprintscited by 4
- 2026Diagnosing Pathological Chain-of-Thought in Reasoning Modelscited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 13.
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- 2026Do Agent Benchmarks Measure Capability? Protocol Validity in the Age of Agentic AIcited by 6
- 2026HarnessOpt-Bench: Evaluating LLMs at Harness Optimizationcited by 5
- 2026SWE Refactor Bench: Can Coding Agents Complete a Long-Horizon, Whole-Repository Stack Migration?cited by 4
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- 2026Ouroboros: A Self-Developing Frontier Coding Agent with Reviewed Core Evolutioncited by 3
- 2026Auditing Harness Tampering in Self-Improving Agentscited by 3
- 2026Every Model Cheats: Prompt-Level Mitigation of Cheating on Offensive Cyber Taskscited by 2
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- 2026When Is an Agent Evaluation Over? Outcome Finality and Cross-Unit Separationcited by 0
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- 2026What Makes a Terminal-Bench Task Hard? Separating Genuine Hardness from Fake-Hardness on an Adjudicated Agentic Corpus20 Sep 2026
- 2026BenchShield: Formal Model-Backed Instrumentation for Reward Integrity in LLM-Agent Evaluation Infrastructure10 Sep 2026
- 2026MLIP Detective: Active Failure Mode Discovery Beyond Benchmark Scores for Machine-Learning Interatomic Potentials8 Sep 2026
- 2026Auditing Harness Tampering in Self-Improving Agents30 Aug 2026
- 2026SWE Refactor Bench: Can Coding Agents Complete a Long-Horizon, Whole-Repository Stack Migration?24 Aug 2026
- 2026When Is an Agent Evaluation Over? Outcome Finality and Cross-Unit Separation14 Aug 2026
- 2026Ouroboros: A Self-Developing Frontier Coding Agent with Reviewed Core Evolution8 Aug 2026
- 2026HarnessOpt-Bench: Evaluating LLMs at Harness Optimization6 Aug 2026
- 2026Do Agent Benchmarks Measure Capability? Protocol Validity in the Age of Agentic AI24 Jul 2026
- 2026Every Model Cheats: Prompt-Level Mitigation of Cheating on Offensive Cyber Tasks23 Jul 2026
1 more
- 2026Auditing Reward Hackability in Code RL Training Environments14 Jun 2026
- 2026Do Agent Benchmarks Measure Capability? Protocol Validity in the Age of Agentic AIcited by 6
- 2026HarnessOpt-Bench: Evaluating LLMs at Harness Optimizationcited by 5
- 2026SWE Refactor Bench: Can Coding Agents Complete a Long-Horizon, Whole-Repository Stack Migration?cited by 4
- 2026Ouroboros: A Self-Developing Frontier Coding Agent with Reviewed Core Evolutioncited by 3
- 2026Reward Hacking Challenges Oversight of Autonomous Research Agentscited by 1
- 2026BenchShield: Formal Model-Backed Instrumentation for Reward Integrity in LLM-Agent Evaluation Infrastructurecited by 0
- 2026What Makes a Terminal-Bench Task Hard? Separating Genuine Hardness from Fake-Hardness on an Adjudicated Agentic Corpuscited by 0
- 2026Maintaining Benchmarks Against Increasingly Capable Agents: Detection and Remediation of Unearned Passescited by 0
- 2026Maintaining Benchmarks Against Increasingly Capable Agents: Detection and Remediation of Unearned Passes28 Sep 2026
- 2026Reward Hacking Challenges Oversight of Autonomous Research Agents23 Sep 2026
- 2026What Makes a Terminal-Bench Task Hard? Separating Genuine Hardness from Fake-Hardness on an Adjudicated Agentic Corpus20 Sep 2026
- 2026BenchShield: Formal Model-Backed Instrumentation for Reward Integrity in LLM-Agent Evaluation Infrastructure10 Sep 2026
- 2026SWE Refactor Bench: Can Coding Agents Complete a Long-Horizon, Whole-Repository Stack Migration?24 Aug 2026
- 2026Ouroboros: A Self-Developing Frontier Coding Agent with Reviewed Core Evolution8 Aug 2026
- 2026HarnessOpt-Bench: Evaluating LLMs at Harness Optimization6 Aug 2026
- 2026Do Agent Benchmarks Measure Capability? Protocol Validity in the Age of Agentic AI24 Jul 2026
- 2026Auditing Harness Tampering in Self-Improving Agentscited by 3
- 2026Auditing Harness Tampering in Self-Improving Agents30 Aug 2026
- 2026Auditing Reward Hackability in Code RL Training Environmentscited by 3
- 2026Every Model Cheats: Prompt-Level Mitigation of Cheating on Offensive Cyber Taskscited by 2
- 2026When Is an Agent Evaluation Over? Outcome Finality and Cross-Unit Separationcited by 0
- 2026MLIP Detective: Active Failure Mode Discovery Beyond Benchmark Scores for Machine-Learning Interatomic Potentialscited by 0
- 2026MLIP Detective: Active Failure Mode Discovery Beyond Benchmark Scores for Machine-Learning Interatomic Potentials8 Sep 2026
- 2026When Is an Agent Evaluation Over? Outcome Finality and Cross-Unit Separation14 Aug 2026
- 2026Every Model Cheats: Prompt-Level Mitigation of Cheating on Offensive Cyber Tasks23 Jul 2026
- 2026Auditing Reward Hackability in Code RL Training Environments14 Jun 2026
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