mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Hardening Agent Benchmarks with Adversarial Hacker-Fixer Loops

arXiv 2606.08960 ↗First posted 8 Jun 2026cs.CR cs.AI cs.LGcited by 8

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Software engineering coding agents

also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)

Agent benchmarks score submissions with outcome verifiers that are typically hand-written and brittle, leaving them open to reward hacking. We audit 1,968 tasks across five terminal-agent benchmarks and find 323 (16%) hackable by frontier models given only the task description. This corrupts both leaderboard rankings and RL training signal, yet the standard response is manual and reactive. We introduce the hacker-fixer loop, a method for building exploit-resistant verifiers without per-task manual patching. The loop alternates three LLM agents: a hacker tries to pass the verifier without solving the task, a fixer patches the verifier to reject each discovered exploit, and a solver confirms the patched verifier still admits legitimate solutions. The loop iterates: each patch reshapes what the verifier rewards, surfacing the next exploit. We further add verifier access, and let patches transfer across tasks, to broaden the exploits the loop discovers. On KernelBench, the loop drives the attack success rate from 62% to 0% on a held-out corpus of publicly reported exploits. We also find that weaker agents in the loop can defend against much stronger hackers: Gemini 3 Flash's loop drives the stronger Gemini 3.1 Pro and Claude Opus 4.7's attack success rate from 76% and 61% to 0% on KernelBench, and Gemini 3.1 Pro's from 39% to 17% on Terminal Bench across 77 tasks. We release Terminal Wrench (323 hackable environments, 3,632 hack trajectories) as a snapshot of the current attack surface, our patched verifiers, the exploits the loop discovered, and our implementation as a basis for future work.

Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Software engineering coding agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 18 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Jun 2026.

Builds on

18 of 36 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2026CUDA Agent: Large-Scale Agentic RL for High-Performance CUDA Kernel Generation27 Feb
  2. 2025Towards Robust Agentic CUDA Kernel Benchmarking, Verification, and Optimization16 Sep

Other references · 16

  1. 2026Terminal-Bench: Benchmarking Agents on Hard, Realistic Tasks in Command Line Interfacescited by 515
  2. 2023Weak-to-Strong Generalization: Eliciting Strong Capabilities With Weak Supervisioncited by 445
  3. 2018AI safety via debatecited by 384
  4. 2025KernelBench: Can LLMs Write Efficient GPU Kernels?cited by 206
  5. 2024Sycophancy to Subterfuge: Investigating Reward-Tampering in Large Language Modelscited by 158
  6. 2024Prover-Verifier Games improve legibility of LLM outputscited by 79
  7. 2025Kevin: Multi-Turn RL for Generating CUDA Kernelscited by 73
  8. 2025CUDA-L1: Improving CUDA Optimization via Contrastive Reinforcement Learningcited by 59
  9. 2025School of Reward Hacks: Hacking harmless tasks generalizes to misaligned behavior in LLMscited by 58
  10. 2025ImpossibleBench: Measuring LLMs' Propensity of Exploiting Test Casescited by 51
  11. 2025Let It Flow: Agentic Crafting on Rock and Roll, Building the ROME Model within an Open Agentic Learning Ecosystemcited by 28
  12. 2025EvilGenie: A Reward Hacking Benchmarkcited by 24
4 more
  1. 2026Detecting Safety Violations Across Many Agent Tracescited by 11
  2. 2025GAR: Generative Adversarial Reinforcement Learning for Formal Theorem Provingcited by 5
  3. 2026RvB: Automating AI System Hardening via Iterative Red-Blue Gamescited by 2
  4. 2026Hodoscope: Unsupervised Monitoring for AI Misbehaviorscited by 2

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 8.

8 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026Do Androids Dream of Breaking the Game? Systematically Auditing AI Agent Benchmarks with BenchJack
  2. 2026Hack-Verifiable Terminal Bench: Evaluating Reward Hacking in Terminal Tasks
  3. 2026BAITBENCH: Measuring Agent Reward Hacking with Optional Shortcuts Planted in ML Tasks
  4. 2026Reward Hacking Benchmark: Measuring Exploits in LLM Agents with Tool Use
  5. 2026RewardHackingAgents: Benchmarking Evaluation Integrity for LLM ML-Engineering Agents
  6. 2026Terminal Wrench: A Dataset of 331 Reward-Hackable Environments and 3,632 Exploit Trajectories
  7. 2026Hack-Verifiable Environments: Towards Evaluating Reward Hacking at Scale
  8. 2026BenchShield: Formal Model-Backed Instrumentation for Reward Integrity in LLM-Agent Evaluation Infrastructure