TaCarla: A comprehensive benchmarking dataset for end-to-end autonomous driving
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → End-to-end system architecture
Abstract (arXiv)
Collecting a high-quality dataset is a critical task that demands meticulous attention to detail, as overlooking certain aspects can render the entire dataset unusable. Autonomous driving challenges remain a prominent area of research, requiring further exploration to enhance the perception and planning performance of vehicles. However, existing datasets are often incomplete. For instance, datasets that include perception information generally lack planning data, while planning datasets typically consist of extensive driving sequences where the ego vehicle predominantly drives forward, offering limited behavioral diversity. In addition, many real datasets struggle to evaluate their models, especially for planning tasks, since they lack a proper closed-loop evaluation setup. The CARLA Leaderboard 2.0 challenge, which provides a diverse set of scenarios to address the long-tail problem in autonomous driving, has emerged as a valuable alternative platform for developing perception and planning models in both open-loop and closed-loop evaluation setups. Nevertheless, existing datasets collected on this platform present certain limitations. Some datasets appear to be tailored primarily for limited sensor configuration, with particular sensor configurations. To support end-to-end autonomous driving research, we have collected a new dataset comprising over 2.85 million frames using the CARLA simulation environment for the diverse Leaderboard 2.0 challenge scenarios. Our dataset is designed not only for planning tasks but also supports dynamic object detection, lane divider detection, centerline detection, traffic light recognition, prediction tasks and visual language action models . Furthermore, we demonstrate its versatility by training various models using our dataset. Moreover, we also provide numerical rarity scores to understand how rarely the current state occurs in the dataset.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in End-to-end system architecture, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 45 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Feb 2026.
Builds on
45 of 54 references.
Closest ancestors · 5
Same direction, newest first
- 2024NAVSIM: Data-Driven Non-Reactive Autonomous Vehicle Simulation and Benchmarking21 Jun
- 2024Bench2Drive: Towards Multi-Ability Benchmarking of Closed-Loop End-To-End Autonomous Driving6 Jun
- 2024Towards learning-based planning:The nuPlan benchmark for real-world autonomous driving7 Mar
- 2023Is Ego Status All You Need for Open-Loop End-to-End Autonomous Driving?5 Dec
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving31 May
Other references · 40
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
- 2020Scaling Laws for Neural Language Modelscited by 6,411
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
- 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,436
- 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
- 2019FCOS: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Object Detectioncited by 1,573
- 2018BDD100K: A Diverse Driving Dataset for Heterogeneous Multitask Learningcited by 1,282
- 2019LVIS: A Dataset for Large Vocabulary Instance Segmentationcited by 1,215
- 2020Center-based 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 1,143
- 2020Lift, Splat, Shoot: Encoding Images From Arbitrary Camera Rigs by Implicitly Unprojecting to 3Dcited by 1,040
- 2019EfficientDet: Scalable and Efficient Object Detectioncited by 1,018
28 more
- 2020Designing Network Design Spacescited by 954
- 2023Argoverse 2: Next Generation Datasets for Self-Driving Perception and Forecastingcited by 701
- 2022BEVDet4D: Exploit Temporal Cues in Multi-camera 3D Object Detectioncited by 340
- 2024DiffusionDrive: Truncated Diffusion Model for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 324
- 2021HDMapNet: An Online HD Map Construction and Evaluation Frameworkcited by 280
- 2023MapTRv2: An End-to-End Framework for Online Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 192
- 2017Spatial As Deep: Spatial CNN for Traffic Scene Understandingcited by 187
- 2022PersFormer: 3D Lane Detection via Perspective Transformer and the OpenLane Benchmarkcited by 140
- 2022PlanT: Explainable Planning Transformers via Object-Level Representationscited by 105
- 2023OpenLane-V2: A Topology Reasoning Benchmark for Unified 3D HD Mappingcited by 83
- 2020CurveLane-NAS: Unifying Lane-Sensitive Architecture Search and Adaptive Point Blendingcited by 80
- 2024CarLLaVA: Vision language models for camera-only closed-loop drivingcited by 57
- 2023Graph-based Topology Reasoning for Driving Scenescited by 53
- 2020End-to-End Lane Marker Detection via Row-wise Classificationcited by 47
- 2020Regularizing Action Policies for Smooth Control with Reinforcement Learningcited by 47
- 2022ONCE-3DLanes: Building Monocular 3D Lane Detectioncited by 44
- 2023TopoMLP: A Simple yet Strong Pipeline for Driving Topology Reasoningcited by 41
- 2024Can Vehicle Motion Planning Generalize to Realistic Long-tail Scenarios?cited by 38
- 2024SLEDGE: Synthesizing Driving Environments with Generative Models and Rule-Based Trafficcited by 27
- 2021VIL-100: A New Dataset and A Baseline Model for Video Instance Lane Detectioncited by 21
- 2024LanEvil: Benchmarking the Robustness of Lane Detection to Environmental Illusionscited by 18
- 2021K-Lane: Lidar Lane Dataset and Benchmark for Urban Roads and Highwayscited by 11
- 2022CARLANE: A Lane Detection Benchmark for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation from Simulation to multiple Real-World Domainscited by 9
- 2021Addressing Action Oscillations through Learning Policy Inertiacited by 8
- 2024TopoMaskV2: Enhanced Instance-Mask-Based Formulation for the Road Topology Problemcited by 7
- 2024TopoBDA: Towards Bezier Deformable Attention for Road Topology Understandingcited by 5
- 2025RQR3D: Reparametrizing the regression targets for BEV-based 3D object detectioncited by 2
- 2025CAFE-AD: Cross-Scenario Adaptive Feature Enhancement for Trajectory Planning in Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.
1 paper.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Benchmarking Autonomous Driving Planners Across Leaderboards: A Unified CARLA-Based Evaluation
- 2026StandardE2E: A Unified Framework for End-to-End Autonomous Driving Datasets
- 2024Hidden Biases of End-to-End Driving Datasets
- 2026A Survey on End-to-End Autonomous Driving Training from the Perspectives of Data, Strategy, and Platform
- 2025Data Scaling Laws for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2024Analysis of a Modular Autonomous Driving Architecture: The Top Submission to CARLA Leaderboard 2.0 Challenge
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontiers
- 2025PAVE: An End-to-End Dataset for Production Autonomous Vehicle Evaluation