mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Analysis of a Modular Autonomous Driving Architecture: The Top Submission to CARLA Leaderboard 2.0 Challenge

arXiv 2405.01394 ↗First posted 21 Mar 2024cs.AIcited by 8

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → End-to-end system architecture

Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper we present the architecture of the Kyber-E2E submission to the map track of CARLA Leaderboard 2.0 Autonomous Driving (AD) challenge 2023, which achieved first place. We employed a modular architecture for our solution consists of five main components: sensing, localization, perception, tracking/prediction, and planning/control. Our solution leverages state-of-the-art language-assisted perception models to help our planner perform more reliably in highly challenging traffic scenarios. We use open-source driving datasets in conjunction with Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) to enhance the performance of our motion planner. We provide insight into our design choices and trade-offs made to achieve this solution. We also explore the impact of each component in the overall performance of our solution, with the intent of providing a guideline where allocation of resources can have the greatest impact.

Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in End-to-end system architecture, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 5 of its 11 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Mar 2024.

Builds on

5 of 11 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Hidden Biases of End-to-End Driving Models13 Jun
  2. 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving31 May

Other references · 3

  1. 2021ViLT: Vision-and-Language Transformer Without Convolution or Region Supervisioncited by 1,224
  2. 2019Objects as Pointscited by 1,172
  3. 2019The inD Dataset: A Drone Dataset of Naturalistic Road User Trajectories at German Intersectionscited by 137

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Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 3.

8 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Benchmarking Autonomous Driving Planners Across Leaderboards: A Unified CARLA-Based Evaluation
  2. 2026End-to-End Learning vs. Modular Architectures: Comparative Insights into Autonomous Driving Systems
  3. 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulator
  4. 2026TaCarla: A comprehensive benchmarking dataset for end-to-end autonomous driving
  5. 2026A Survey on End-to-End Autonomous Driving Training from the Perspectives of Data, Strategy, and Platform
  6. 2025A Comprehensive Review of Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving in the CARLA Simulator
  7. 2023PaaS: Planning as a Service for reactive driving in CARLA Leaderboard
  8. 2024Think2Drive: Efficient Reinforcement Learning by Thinking in Latent World Model for Quasi-Realistic Autonomous Driving (in CARLA-v2)