Analysis of a Modular Autonomous Driving Architecture: The Top Submission to CARLA Leaderboard 2.0 Challenge
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → End-to-end system architecture
Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper we present the architecture of the Kyber-E2E submission to the map track of CARLA Leaderboard 2.0 Autonomous Driving (AD) challenge 2023, which achieved first place. We employed a modular architecture for our solution consists of five main components: sensing, localization, perception, tracking/prediction, and planning/control. Our solution leverages state-of-the-art language-assisted perception models to help our planner perform more reliably in highly challenging traffic scenarios. We use open-source driving datasets in conjunction with Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) to enhance the performance of our motion planner. We provide insight into our design choices and trade-offs made to achieve this solution. We also explore the impact of each component in the overall performance of our solution, with the intent of providing a guideline where allocation of resources can have the greatest impact.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in End-to-end system architecture, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 5 of its 11 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Mar 2024.
Builds on
5 of 11 references.
Closest ancestors · 2
Same direction, newest first
- 2023Hidden Biases of End-to-End Driving Models13 Jun
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving31 May
Other references · 3
- 2021ViLT: Vision-and-Language Transformer Without Convolution or Region Supervisioncited by 1,224
- 2019Objects as Pointscited by 1,172
- 2019The inD Dataset: A Drone Dataset of Naturalistic Road User Trajectories at German Intersectionscited by 137
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 3.
8 papers.
- 2025A Survey on Vision-Language-Action Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 72
- 2024Hidden Biases of End-to-End Driving Datasetscited by 30
- 2024Efficient Domain Augmentation for Autonomous Driving Testing Using Diffusion Modelscited by 10
- 2024Validity Learning on Failures: Mitigating the Distribution Shift in Autonomous Vehicle Planningcited by 4
- 2025TB-Bench: Training and Testing Multi-Modal AI for Understanding Spatio-Temporal Traffic Behaviors from Dashcam Images/Videoscited by 2
- 2024PRIBOOT: A New Data-Driven Expert for Improved Driving Simulationscited by 0
- 2024OPTIMA: Optimized Policy for Intelligent Multi-Agent Systems Enables Coordination-Aware Autonomous Vehiclescited by 0
- 2025CAPS: Context-Aware Priority Sampling for Enhanced Imitation Learning in Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2025A Survey on Vision-Language-Action Models for Autonomous Driving30 Jun 2025
- 2025CAPS: Context-Aware Priority Sampling for Enhanced Imitation Learning in Autonomous Driving3 Mar 2025
- 2025TB-Bench: Training and Testing Multi-Modal AI for Understanding Spatio-Temporal Traffic Behaviors from Dashcam Images/Videos10 Jan 2025
- 2024Hidden Biases of End-to-End Driving Datasets12 Dec 2024
- 2024OPTIMA: Optimized Policy for Intelligent Multi-Agent Systems Enables Coordination-Aware Autonomous Vehicles9 Oct 2024
- 2024Efficient Domain Augmentation for Autonomous Driving Testing Using Diffusion Models20 Sep 2024
- 2024PRIBOOT: A New Data-Driven Expert for Improved Driving Simulations12 Jun 2024
- 2024Validity Learning on Failures: Mitigating the Distribution Shift in Autonomous Vehicle Planning3 Jun 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Benchmarking Autonomous Driving Planners Across Leaderboards: A Unified CARLA-Based Evaluation
- 2026End-to-End Learning vs. Modular Architectures: Comparative Insights into Autonomous Driving Systems
- 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulator
- 2026TaCarla: A comprehensive benchmarking dataset for end-to-end autonomous driving
- 2026A Survey on End-to-End Autonomous Driving Training from the Perspectives of Data, Strategy, and Platform
- 2025A Comprehensive Review of Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving in the CARLA Simulator
- 2023PaaS: Planning as a Service for reactive driving in CARLA Leaderboard
- 2024Think2Drive: Efficient Reinforcement Learning by Thinking in Latent World Model for Quasi-Realistic Autonomous Driving (in CARLA-v2)