Direction-aware 3D Large Multimodal Models
On the map: LLM reasoning → Spatial and embodied reasoning
Abstract (arXiv)
3D large multimodal models (3D LMMs) rely heavily on ego poses for enabling directional question-answering and spatial reasoning. However, most existing point cloud benchmarks contain rich directional queries but lack the corresponding ego poses, making them inherently ill-posed in 3D large multimodal modelling. In this work, we redefine a new and rigorous paradigm that enables direction-aware 3D LMMs by identifying and supplementing ego poses into point cloud benchmarks and transforming the corresponding point cloud data according to the identified ego poses. We enable direction-aware 3D LMMs with two novel designs. The first is PoseRecover, a fully automatic pose recovery pipeline that matches questions with ego poses from RGB-D video extrinsics via object-frustum intersection and visibility check with Z-buffers. The second is PoseAlign that transforms the point cloud data to be aligned with the identified ego poses instead of either injecting ego poses into textual prompts or introducing pose-encoded features in the projection layers. Extensive experiments show that our designs yield consistent improvements across multiple 3D LMM backbones such as LL3DA, LL3DA-SONATA, Chat-Scene, and 3D-LLAVA, improving ScanRefer mIoU by 30.0% and Scan2Cap LLM-as-judge accuracy by 11.7%. In addition, our approach is simple, generic, and training-efficient, requiring only instruction tuning while establishing a strong baseline for direction-aware 3D-LMMs.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Spatial and embodied reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 52 of its 76 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Feb 2026.
Builds on
52 of 76 references.
Closest ancestors · 4
Same direction, newest first
- 2024Reason3D: Searching and Reasoning 3D Segmentation via Large Language Model27 May
- 2024Scene-LLM: Extending Language Model for 3D Visual Understanding and Reasoning18 Mar
- 2023LL3DA: Visual Interactive Instruction Tuning for Omni-3D Understanding, Reasoning, and Planning30 Nov
- 2022SQA3D: Situated Question Answering in 3D Scenes14 Oct
Other references · 48
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
- 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,792
- 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,764
- 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,069
- 2023Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 4,362
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
- 2023InstructBLIP: Towards General-purpose Vision-Language Models with Instruction Tuningcited by 2,855
- 2017Matterport3D: Learning from RGB-D Data in Indoor Environmentscited by 1,354
- 2025gpt-oss-120b & gpt-oss-20b Model Cardcited by 1,258
- 2019Habitat: A Platform for Embodied AI Researchcited by 1,163
- 2022OpenScene: 3D Scene Understanding with Open Vocabulariescited by 556
- 2019ScanRefer: 3D Object Localization in RGB-D Scans using Natural Languagecited by 446
36 more
- 2023An Embodied Generalist Agent in 3D Worldcited by 355
- 2024Measuring short-form factuality in large language modelscited by 345
- 2021ScanQA: 3D Question Answering for Spatial Scene Understandingcited by 340
- 2022Mask3D: Mask Transformer for 3D Semantic Instance Segmentationcited by 299
- 2020Scan2Cap: Context-aware Dense Captioning in RGB-D Scanscited by 215
- 2025Spatial-MLLM: Boosting MLLM Capabilities in Visual-based Spatial Intelligencecited by 206
- 20233D-VisTA: Pre-trained Transformer for 3D Vision and Text Alignmentcited by 201
- 2024MASt3R-SLAM: Real-Time Dense SLAM with 3D Reconstruction Priorscited by 198
- 2023Chat-Scene: Bridging 3D Scene and Large Language Models with Object Identifierscited by 170
- 2023EmbodiedScan: A Holistic Multi-Modal 3D Perception Suite Towards Embodied AIcited by 146
- 2023Multi3DRefer: Grounding Text Description to Multiple 3D Objectscited by 142
- 2021InstanceRefer: Cooperative Holistic Understanding for Visual Grounding on Point Clouds through Instance Multi-level Contextual Referringcited by 140
- 2022Multi-View Transformer for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 138
- 2024Video-3D LLM: Learning Position-Aware Video Representation for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 131
- 2023Chat-3D: Data-efficiently Tuning Large Language Model for Universal Dialogue of 3D Scenescited by 125
- 2021SAT: 2D Semantics Assisted Training for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 124
- 2022Superpoint Transformer for 3D Scene Instance Segmentationcited by 115
- 2024Grounded 3D-LLM with Referent Tokenscited by 111
- 2025Sonata: Self-Supervised Learning of Reliable Point Representationscited by 108
- 2023OneFormer3D: One Transformer for Unified Point Cloud Segmentationcited by 95
- 2022X-Trans2Cap: Cross-Modal Knowledge Transfer using Transformer for 3D Dense Captioningcited by 70
- 2023ViewRefer: Grasp the Multi-view Knowledge for 3D Visual Grounding with GPT and Prototype Guidancecited by 70
- 2022UniT3D: A Unified Transformer for 3D Dense Captioning and Visual Groundingcited by 69
- 20253D-LLaVA: Towards Generalist 3D LMMs with Omni Superpoint Transformercited by 67
- 2021D3Net: A Unified Speaker-Listener Architecture for 3D Dense Captioning and Visual Groundingcited by 52
- 2022MORE: Multi-Order RElation Mining for Dense Captioning in 3D Scenescited by 46
- 2023Mask-Attention-Free Transformer for 3D Instance Segmentationcited by 45
- 2022Spatiality-guided Transformer for 3D Dense Captioning on Point Cloudscited by 40
- 2023Vote2Cap-DETR++: Decoupling Localization and Describing for End-to-End 3D Dense Captioningcited by 38
- 20233D-STMN: Dependency-Driven Superpoint-Text Matching Network for End-to-End 3D Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 36
- 2023V-DETR: DETR with Vertex Relative Position Encoding for 3D Object Detectioncited by 34
- 2024SegPoint: Segment Any Point Cloud via Large Language Modelcited by 34
- 2019gradSLAM: Automagically differentiable SLAMcited by 27
- 2021Comprehensive Visual Question Answering on Point Clouds through Compositional Scene Manipulationcited by 17
- 2022Toward Explainable and Fine-Grained 3D Grounding through Referring Textual Phrasescited by 16
- 2025Empowering Large Language Models with 3D Situation Awarenesscited by 5
Built on by
Not cited yet.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Towards Comprehensive Scene Understanding: Integrating First and Third-Person Views for LVLMs
- 2026Point Cloud as a Foreign Language for Multi-modal Large Language Model
- 2023Point-Bind & Point-LLM: Aligning Point Cloud with Multi-modality for 3D Understanding, Generation, and Instruction Following
- 2026Ground3D-LMM: Fine-Grained 3D Point Grounding and Spatial Reasoning with LMM
- 2025Lemon: A Unified and Scalable 3D Multimodal Model for Universal Spatial Understanding
- 2025SpatialLLM: A Compound 3D-Informed Design towards Spatially-Intelligent Large Multimodal Models
- 20253D-MoRe: Unified Modal-Contextual Reasoning for Embodied Question Answering
- 2026Seeing Once is Enough? Online Geometry-Aware Token Pruning for 3D Question Answering