Endless Terminals: Scaling RL Environments for Terminal Agents
On the map: Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs → Self-evolving LLM agents
Abstract (arXiv)
Environments are the bottleneck for self-improving agents. Current terminal benchmarks were built for evaluation, not training; reinforcement learning requires a scalable pipeline, not just a dataset. We introduce Endless Terminals, a fully autonomous pipeline that procedurally generates terminal-use tasks without human annotation. The pipeline has four stages: generating diverse task descriptions, building and validating containerized environments, producing completion tests, and filtering for solvability. From this pipeline we obtain 3255 tasks spanning file operations, log management, data processing, scripting, and database operations. We train agents using vanilla PPO with binary episode level rewards and a minimal interaction loop: no retrieval, multi-agent coordination, or specialized tools. Despite this simplicity, models trained on Endless Terminals show substantial gains: on our held-out dev set, Llama-3.2-3B improves from 4.0% to 18.2%, Qwen2.5-7B from 10.7% to 53.3%, and Qwen3-8B-openthinker-sft from 42.6% to 59.0%. These improvements transfer to human-curated benchmarks: models trained on Endless Terminals show substantial gains on held out human curated benchmarks: on TerminalBench 2.0, Llama-3.2-3B improves from 0.0% to 2.2%, Qwen2.5-7B from 2.2% to 3.4%, and Qwen3-8B-openthinker-sft from 1.1% to 6.7%, in each case outperforming alternative approaches including models with more complex agentic scaffolds. These results demonstrate that simple RL succeeds when environments scale.
Key facts. Cited by 43 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Self-evolving LLM agents, one of 13 directions in Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs. Builds on 24 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Jan 2026.
Builds on
24 of 29 references.
References · 24
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
- 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,195
- 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,713
- 2023SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?cited by 3,193
- 2025DAPO: An Open-Source LLM Reinforcement Learning System at Scalecited by 2,678
- 2023WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agentscited by 1,908
- 2024SWE-agent: Agent-Computer Interfaces Enable Automated Software Engineeringcited by 1,628
- 2024OpenHands: An Open Platform for AI Software Developers as Generalist Agentscited by 956
- 2025GLM-4.5: Agentic, Reasoning, and Coding (ARC) Foundation Modelscited by 446
- 2025Cognitive Behaviors that Enable Self-Improving Reasoners, or, Four Habits of Highly Effective STaRscited by 373
- 2025Absolute Zero: Reinforced Self-play Reasoning with Zero Datacited by 323
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- 2023InterCode: Standardizing and Benchmarking Interactive Coding with Execution Feedbackcited by 229
- 2023InferFix: End-to-End Program Repair with LLMscited by 113
- 2018NL2Bash: A Corpus and Semantic Parser for Natural Language Interface to the Linux Operating Systemcited by 97
- 2025CWM: An Open-Weights LLM for Research on Code Generation with World Modelscited by 87
- 2024Learning Formal Mathematics From Intrinsic Motivationcited by 45
- 2025Creating General User Models from Computer Usecited by 44
- 2025Scaling Agent Learning via Experience Synthesiscited by 40
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- 2025RL Grokking Recipe: How Does RL Unlock and Transfer New Algorithms in LLMs?cited by 23
- 2026Learning to Simulate Human Dialoguecited by 9
- 2025AI & Human Co-Improvement for Safer Co-Superintelligencecited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 43.
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- 2026Code as Agent Harnesscited by 40
- 2026Tmax: A simple recipe for terminal agentscited by 24
- 2026Qwen-AgentWorld: Language World Models for General Agentscited by 22
- 2026CUA-Gym: Scaling Verifiable Training Environments and Tasks for Computer-Use Agentscited by 21
- 2026SWE-Universe: Scale Real-World Verifiable Environments to Millionscited by 16
- 2026Toward Scalable Terminal Task Synthesis via Skill Graphscited by 16
- 2026Terminal-World: Scaling Terminal-Agent Environments via Agent Skillscited by 13
- 2026ECHO: Terminal Agents Learn World Models for Freecited by 13
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- 2026Envs-FORGE: Frontier-Optimized Reward-Grounded Environment Synthesis for Agent RLcited by 2
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- 2026Don't Mask the Environment: Observation Supervision Changes How Agents Explore Under RLcited by 0
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- 2026SkillGym: Training Skill-Use Agents with Automatic Verifiable Environment Generation29 Sep 2026
- 2026WEFT: Scaling Tool-Use Post-Training for General-Purpose Agents29 Sep 2026
- 2026Continuous Context Management28 Sep 2026
- 2026Skill2Env: Capability-Oriented Environment Synthesis from Skills for General Agents27 Sep 2026
- 2026Rufus-Air: An Open LLM Post-Training Recipe24 Sep 2026
- 2026Don't Mask the Environment: Observation Supervision Changes How Agents Explore Under RL17 Sep 2026
- 2026ModularRSI: Modular and Generalizable Recursive Harness Self-Improvement14 Sep 2026
- 2026T1: Terminal Agent Reinforcement Learning for Long-Horizon Tasks10 Sep 2026
- 2026Environments as Scaffold: Enriching Feedback to Bootstrap Self-Evolving Agents in Long-Horizon Tasks8 Sep 2026
- 2026Terminal-Universe: Turning Agent Trajectories into Scalable Terminal Environments3 Sep 2026
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- 2026FACET: Preserving Source Intent and Executable State in Terminal Task Synthesis19 Aug 2026
- 2026Envs-FORGE: Frontier-Optimized Reward-Grounded Environment Synthesis for Agent RL14 Aug 2026
- 2026CalibForge: Adversarial Solver Calibration for Scaling Learnable Terminal Tasks6 Aug 2026
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- 2026Closing the Reflection Gap: A Free Calibration Bonus for Agentic RL12 Jun 2026
- 2026Agentic Environment Engineering for Large Language Models: A Survey of Environment Modeling, Synthesis, Evaluation, and Application10 Jun 2026
- 2026unix-ctf: Procedural Environments for Unix-Competence Reinforcement Learning27 May 2026
- 2026CUA-Gym: Scaling Verifiable Training Environments and Tasks for Computer-Use Agents25 May 2026
- 2026ECHO: Terminal Agents Learn World Models for Free23 May 2026
- 2026TerminalWorld: Benchmarking Agents on Real-World Terminal Tasks21 May 2026
- 2026Terminal-World: Scaling Terminal-Agent Environments via Agent Skills20 May 2026
- 2026Code as Agent Harness18 May 2026
- 2026FrontierSmith: Synthesizing Open-Ended Coding Problems at Scale14 May 2026
- 2026Shepherd: Enabling Programmable Meta-Agents via Reversible Agentic Execution Traces11 May 2026
- 2026Terminus-4B: Can a Smaller Model Replace Frontier LLMs at Agentic Execution Tasks?4 May 2026
- 2026GUI Agents with Reinforcement Learning: Toward Digital Inhabitants30 Apr 2026
- 2026Toward Scalable Terminal Task Synthesis via Skill Graphs28 Apr 2026
- 2026Post-training is (Massive) Supervised Learning20 Apr 2026
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- 2026Document Reconstruction Unlocks Scalable Long-Context RLVR9 Feb 2026
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- 2026WEFT: Scaling Tool-Use Post-Training for General-Purpose Agents29 Sep 2026
- 2026T1: Terminal Agent Reinforcement Learning for Long-Horizon Tasks10 Sep 2026
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- 2026Learning Generalizable Behaviors for Terminal Agents23 Aug 2026
- 2026Terminal Agents: A Survey of AI Agents in Command-Line Environments20 Aug 2026
- 2026Meta-Task: Turning Terminal Task Synthesis into a Terminal Task for Scalable Agent Training30 Jul 2026
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- 2026Failure as a Process: An Anatomy of CLI Coding Agent Trajectories10 Jul 2026
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- 2026ClawEnvKit: Automatic Environment Generation for Claw-Like Agentscited by 6
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- 2026Terminal-Universe: Turning Agent Trajectories into Scalable Terminal Environmentscited by 3
- 2026Envs-FORGE: Frontier-Optimized Reward-Grounded Environment Synthesis for Agent RLcited by 2
- 2026Document Reconstruction Unlocks Scalable Long-Context RLVRcited by 0
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- 2026Terminal-Universe: Turning Agent Trajectories into Scalable Terminal Environments3 Sep 2026
- 2026FACET: Preserving Source Intent and Executable State in Terminal Task Synthesis19 Aug 2026
- 2026Envs-FORGE: Frontier-Optimized Reward-Grounded Environment Synthesis for Agent RL14 Aug 2026
- 2026CalibForge: Adversarial Solver Calibration for Scaling Learnable Terminal Tasks6 Aug 2026
- 2026Recursive Synthesis for Long-Horizon Terminal Tasks5 Aug 2026
- 2026unix-ctf: Procedural Environments for Unix-Competence Reinforcement Learning27 May 2026
- 2026TerminalWorld: Benchmarking Agents on Real-World Terminal Tasks21 May 2026
- 2026FrontierSmith: Synthesizing Open-Ended Coding Problems at Scale14 May 2026
- 2026Toward Scalable Terminal Task Synthesis via Skill Graphs28 Apr 2026
- 2026Post-training is (Massive) Supervised Learning20 Apr 2026
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