mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Endless Terminals: Scaling RL Environments for Terminal Agents

arXiv 2601.16443 ↗First posted 23 Jan 2026cs.LG cs.CLcited by 43

On the map: Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs → Self-evolving LLM agents

Abstract (arXiv)

Environments are the bottleneck for self-improving agents. Current terminal benchmarks were built for evaluation, not training; reinforcement learning requires a scalable pipeline, not just a dataset. We introduce Endless Terminals, a fully autonomous pipeline that procedurally generates terminal-use tasks without human annotation. The pipeline has four stages: generating diverse task descriptions, building and validating containerized environments, producing completion tests, and filtering for solvability. From this pipeline we obtain 3255 tasks spanning file operations, log management, data processing, scripting, and database operations. We train agents using vanilla PPO with binary episode level rewards and a minimal interaction loop: no retrieval, multi-agent coordination, or specialized tools. Despite this simplicity, models trained on Endless Terminals show substantial gains: on our held-out dev set, Llama-3.2-3B improves from 4.0% to 18.2%, Qwen2.5-7B from 10.7% to 53.3%, and Qwen3-8B-openthinker-sft from 42.6% to 59.0%. These improvements transfer to human-curated benchmarks: models trained on Endless Terminals show substantial gains on held out human curated benchmarks: on TerminalBench 2.0, Llama-3.2-3B improves from 0.0% to 2.2%, Qwen2.5-7B from 2.2% to 3.4%, and Qwen3-8B-openthinker-sft from 1.1% to 6.7%, in each case outperforming alternative approaches including models with more complex agentic scaffolds. These results demonstrate that simple RL succeeds when environments scale.

Key facts. Cited by 43 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Self-evolving LLM agents, one of 13 directions in Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs. Builds on 24 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Jan 2026.

Builds on

24 of 29 references.

References · 24

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
  2. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
  3. 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,195
  4. 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,713
  5. 2023SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?cited by 3,193
  6. 2025DAPO: An Open-Source LLM Reinforcement Learning System at Scalecited by 2,678
  7. 2023WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agentscited by 1,908
  8. 2024SWE-agent: Agent-Computer Interfaces Enable Automated Software Engineeringcited by 1,628
  9. 2024OpenHands: An Open Platform for AI Software Developers as Generalist Agentscited by 956
  10. 2025GLM-4.5: Agentic, Reasoning, and Coding (ARC) Foundation Modelscited by 446
  11. 2025Cognitive Behaviors that Enable Self-Improving Reasoners, or, Four Habits of Highly Effective STaRscited by 373
  12. 2025Absolute Zero: Reinforced Self-play Reasoning with Zero Datacited by 323
12 more
  1. 2024Training Software Engineering Agents and Verifiers with SWE-Gymcited by 300
  2. 2023InterCode: Standardizing and Benchmarking Interactive Coding with Execution Feedbackcited by 229
  3. 2023InferFix: End-to-End Program Repair with LLMscited by 113
  4. 2018NL2Bash: A Corpus and Semantic Parser for Natural Language Interface to the Linux Operating Systemcited by 97
  5. 2025CWM: An Open-Weights LLM for Research on Code Generation with World Modelscited by 87
  6. 2024Learning Formal Mathematics From Intrinsic Motivationcited by 45
  7. 2025Creating General User Models from Computer Usecited by 44
  8. 2025Scaling Agent Learning via Experience Synthesiscited by 40
  9. 2025Wait, Wait, Wait... Why Do Reasoning Models Loop?cited by 24
  10. 2025RL Grokking Recipe: How Does RL Unlock and Transfer New Algorithms in LLMs?cited by 23
  11. 2026Learning to Simulate Human Dialoguecited by 9
  12. 2025AI & Human Co-Improvement for Safer Co-Superintelligencecited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 43.

43 papers.

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  1. 2026Code as Agent Harnesscited by 40
  2. 2026Tmax: A simple recipe for terminal agentscited by 24
  3. 2026Qwen-AgentWorld: Language World Models for General Agentscited by 22
  4. 2026CUA-Gym: Scaling Verifiable Training Environments and Tasks for Computer-Use Agentscited by 21
  5. 2026SWE-Universe: Scale Real-World Verifiable Environments to Millionscited by 16
  6. 2026Toward Scalable Terminal Task Synthesis via Skill Graphscited by 16
  7. 2026Terminal-World: Scaling Terminal-Agent Environments via Agent Skillscited by 13
  8. 2026ECHO: Terminal Agents Learn World Models for Freecited by 13
  9. 2026Failure as a Process: An Anatomy of CLI Coding Agent Trajectoriescited by 11
  10. 2026TerminalWorld: Benchmarking Agents on Real-World Terminal Taskscited by 10
  11. 2026Shepherd: Enabling Programmable Meta-Agents via Reversible Agentic Execution Tracescited by 8
  12. 2026Agentic Environment Engineering for Large Language Models: A Survey of Environment Modeling, Synthesis, Evaluation, and Applicationcited by 8
31 more
  1. 2026Recursive Synthesis for Long-Horizon Terminal Taskscited by 8
  2. 2026CLI-Universe: Towards Verifiable Task Synthesis Engine for Terminal Agentscited by 7
  3. 2026ClawEnvKit: Automatic Environment Generation for Claw-Like Agentscited by 6
  4. 2026SPADE: Self-Play in Adaptive Synthetic Executable Environmentscited by 6
  5. 2026SETA: Scaling Environments for Terminal Agentscited by 5
  6. 2026CalibForge: Adversarial Solver Calibration for Scaling Learnable Terminal Taskscited by 5
  7. 2026GUI Agents with Reinforcement Learning: Toward Digital Inhabitantscited by 3
  8. 2026FrontierSmith: Synthesizing Open-Ended Coding Problems at Scalecited by 3
  9. 2026Closing the Reflection Gap: A Free Calibration Bonus for Agentic RLcited by 3
  10. 2026FACET: Preserving Source Intent and Executable State in Terminal Task Synthesiscited by 3
  11. 2026Terminal-Universe: Turning Agent Trajectories into Scalable Terminal Environmentscited by 3
  12. 2026Envs-FORGE: Frontier-Optimized Reward-Grounded Environment Synthesis for Agent RLcited by 2
  13. 2026Environment Evolution for Terminal Agentscited by 2
  14. 2026ModularRSI: Modular and Generalizable Recursive Harness Self-Improvementcited by 2
  15. 2026Terminus-4B: Can a Smaller Model Replace Frontier LLMs at Agentic Execution Tasks?cited by 1
  16. 2026Meta-Task: Turning Terminal Task Synthesis into a Terminal Task for Scalable Agent Trainingcited by 1
  17. 2026Learning Generalizable Behaviors for Terminal Agentscited by 1
  18. 2026T1: Terminal Agent Reinforcement Learning for Long-Horizon Taskscited by 1
  19. 2026Document Reconstruction Unlocks Scalable Long-Context RLVRcited by 0
  20. 2026unix-ctf: Procedural Environments for Unix-Competence Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  21. 2026Post-training is (Massive) Supervised Learningcited by 0
  22. 2026Terminal Agents: A Survey of AI Agents in Command-Line Environmentscited by 0
  23. 2026Environments as Scaffold: Enriching Feedback to Bootstrap Self-Evolving Agents in Long-Horizon Taskscited by 0
  24. 2026Don't Mask the Environment: Observation Supervision Changes How Agents Explore Under RLcited by 0
  25. 2026Rufus-Air: An Open LLM Post-Training Recipecited by 0
  26. 2026Skill2Env: Capability-Oriented Environment Synthesis from Skills for General Agentscited by 0
  27. 2026Continuous Context Managementcited by 0
  28. 2026WEFT: Scaling Tool-Use Post-Training for General-Purpose Agentscited by 0
  29. 2026SkillGym: Training Skill-Use Agents with Automatic Verifiable Environment Generationcited by 0
  30. 2026Mid-Harness: Scaling Actions Between Model and Harness for Terminal Agentscited by 0
  31. 2026PhantomEnvironments: Training LLM Agents in Fictional Worldscited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026LiteCoder-Terminal: Scaling Long-Horizon Terminal Environments for Learning Language Agents
  2. 2026A Self-Evolving Framework for Efficient Terminal Agents via Observational Context Compression
  3. 2026Large-Scale Terminal Agentic Trajectory Generation from Dockerized Environments
  4. 2026SWE-MiniSandbox: Container-Free Reinforcement Learning for Building Software Engineering Agents
  5. 2026EnvFactory: Scaling Tool-Use Agents via Executable Environments Synthesis and Robust RL
  6. 2026CodeMidas: Scaling Agentic Coding RL Environments from Code Itself
  7. 2025CuES: A Curiosity-driven and Environment-grounded Synthesis Framework for Agentic RL
  8. 2026EnvCraft: Synthesizing Executable Environments in Agentic RL for Claw-like Agent