Spatial Retrieval Augmented Autonomous Driving
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → End-to-end system architecture
Abstract (arXiv)
Existing autonomous driving systems rely on onboard sensors (cameras, LiDAR, IMU, etc) for environmental perception. However, this paradigm is limited by the drive-time perception horizon and often fails under limited view scope, occlusion or extreme conditions such as darkness and rain. In contrast, human drivers are able to recall road structure even under poor visibility. To endow models with this ``recall" ability, we propose the spatial retrieval paradigm, introducing offline retrieved geographic images as an additional input. These images are easy to obtain from offline caches (e.g, Google Maps or stored autonomous driving datasets) without requiring additional sensors, making it a plug-and-play extension for existing AD tasks. For experiments, we first extend the nuScenes dataset with geographic images retrieved via Google Maps APIs and align the new data with ego-vehicle trajectories. We establish baselines across five core autonomous driving tasks: object detection, online mapping, occupancy prediction, end-to-end planning, and generative world modeling. Extensive experiments show that the extended modality could enhance the performance of certain tasks. We will open-source dataset curation code, data, and benchmarks for further study of this new autonomous driving paradigm.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in End-to-end system architecture, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 153 of its 203 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Dec 2025.
Builds on
153 of 203 references.
Closest ancestors · 14
Same direction, newest first
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- 2024Bench2Drive: Towards Multi-Ability Benchmarking of Closed-Loop End-To-End Autonomous Driving6 Jun
- 2024SparseDrive: End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Sparse Scene Representation30 May
- 2023DriveAdapter: Breaking the Coupling Barrier of Perception and Planning in End-to-End Autonomous Driving1 Aug
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontiers29 Jun
- 2022ST-P3: End-to-end Vision-based Autonomous Driving via Spatial-Temporal Feature Learning15 Jul
- 2022Trajectory-guided Control Prediction for End-to-end Autonomous Driving: A Simple yet Strong Baseline16 Jun
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving31 May
2 more
Other references · 139
- 2022Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformerscited by 6,054
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,523
- 2024Scaling Rectified Flow Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 4,181
- 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,576
- 2022BEVFormer: Learning Bird's-Eye-View Representation from Multi-Camera Images via Spatiotemporal Transformerscited by 1,218
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,087
- 2020Lift, Splat, Shoot: Encoding Images From Arbitrary Camera Rigs by Implicitly Unprojecting to 3Dcited by 1,044
- 2016End to End Learning for Self-Driving Carscited by 1,009
- 2016Efficient and robust approximate nearest neighbor search using Hierarchical Navigable Small World graphscited by 861
- 2022BEVFusion: Multi-Task Multi-Sensor Fusion with Unified Bird's-Eye View Representationcited by 850
- 2021BEVDet: High-performance Multi-camera 3D Object Detection in Bird-Eye-Viewcited by 713
- 2023Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmapcited by 668
38 more
- 2021DETR3D: 3D Object Detection from Multi-view Images via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 658
- 2023GAIA-1: A Generative World Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 637
- 2023VAD: Vectorized Scene Representation for Efficient Autonomous Drivingcited by 622
- 2022BEVDepth: Acquisition of Reliable Depth for Multi-view 3D Object Detectioncited by 572
- 2022PETR: Position Embedding Transformation for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 552
- 2020VectorNet: Encoding HD Maps and Agent Dynamics from Vectorized Representationcited by 530
- 2023DriveGPT4: Interpretable End-to-end Autonomous Driving via Large Language Modelcited by 461
- 2018Pseudo-LiDAR from Visual Depth Estimation: Bridging the Gap in 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 457
- 2023Tri-Perspective View for Vision-Based 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 409
- 2018ChauffeurNet: Learning to Drive by Imitating the Best and Synthesizing the Worstcited by 397
- 2022PETRv2: A Unified Framework for 3D Perception from Multi-Camera Imagescited by 352
- 2024Vista: A Generalizable Driving World Model with High Fidelity and Versatile Controllabilitycited by 347
- 2022BEVFusion: A Simple and Robust LiDAR-Camera Fusion Frameworkcited by 336
- 2024DiffusionDrive: Truncated Diffusion Model for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 334
- 2023Occ3D: A Large-Scale 3D Occupancy Prediction Benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 332
- 2021Categorical Depth Distribution Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 327
- 2023Driving into the Future: Multiview Visual Forecasting and Planning with World Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 319
- 2023SurroundOcc: Multi-Camera 3D Occupancy Prediction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 316
- 2023Exploring Object-Centric Temporal Modeling for Efficient Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 315
- 2022MapTR: Structured Modeling and Learning for Online Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 314
- 2023VoxFormer: Sparse Voxel Transformer for Camera-based 3D Semantic Scene Completioncited by 313
- 2018Neural-Symbolic VQA: Disentangling Reasoning from Vision and Language Understandingcited by 304
- 2022BEVFormer v2: Adapting Modern Image Backbones to Bird's-Eye-View Recognition via Perspective Supervisioncited by 302
- 2024VADv2: End-to-End Vectorized Autonomous Driving via Probabilistic Planningcited by 289
- 2021HDMapNet: An Online HD Map Construction and Evaluation Frameworkcited by 281
- 2018Learning to Drive in a Daycited by 273
- 2022Cross-view Transformers for real-time Map-view Semantic Segmentationcited by 264
- 2023DriveDreamer: Towards Real-world-driven World Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 261
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- 2024Hydra-MDP: End-to-end Multimodal Planning with Multi-target Hydra-Distillationcited by 249
- 2022VectorMapNet: End-to-end Vectorized HD Map Learningcited by 245
- 2023Parting with Misconceptions about Learning-based Vehicle Motion Planningcited by 242
- 2021MP3: A Unified Model to Map, Perceive, Predict and Plancited by 212
- 2023Scene as Occupancycited by 209
- 2018Orthographic Feature Transform for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 202
- 2025ReCogDrive: A Reinforced Cognitive Framework for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 198
- 2023MapTRv2: An End-to-End Framework for Online Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 193
- 2022BEVerse: Unified Perception and Prediction in Birds-Eye-View for Vision-Centric Autonomous Drivingcited by 191
50 most cited of 139 All 139 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 4.
5 papers.
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- 2026PriorEye: Geospatial Visual Priors for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2026VLADriver-RAG: Retrieval-Augmented Vision-Language-Action Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026Driving on Memorycited by 0
- 2026Driving on Memory31 Aug 2026
- 2026PriorEye: Geospatial Visual Priors for End-to-End Autonomous Driving30 Jun 2026
- 2026EponaV2: Driving World Model with Comprehensive Future Reasoning14 May 2026
- 2026VLADriver-RAG: Retrieval-Augmented Vision-Language-Action Models for Autonomous Driving1 May 2026
- 2025Vision-Language-Action Models for Autonomous Driving: Past, Present, and Future18 Dec 2025
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