mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Autobidding Arena: unified evaluation of the classical and RL-based autobidding algorithms

arXiv 2510.19357 ↗First posted 22 Oct 2025cs.GT cs.LGcited by 1

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Abstract (arXiv)

Advertisement auctions play a crucial role in revenue generation for e-commerce companies. To make the bidding procedure scalable to thousands of auctions, the automatic bidding (autobidding) algorithms are actively developed in the industry. Therefore, the fair and reproducible evaluation of autobidding algorithms is an important problem. We present a standardized and transparent evaluation protocol for comparing classical and reinforcement learning (RL) autobidding algorithms. We consider the most efficient autobidding algorithms from different classes, e.g., ones based on the controllers, RL, optimal formulas, etc., and benchmark them in the bidding environment. We utilize the most recent open-source environment developed in the industry, which accurately emulates the bidding process. Our work demonstrates the most promising use cases for the considered autobidding algorithms, highlights their surprising drawbacks, and evaluates them according to multiple metrics. We select the evaluation metrics that illustrate the performance of the autobidding algorithms, the corresponding costs, and track the budget pacing. Such a choice of metrics makes our results applicable to the broad range of platforms where autobidding is effective. The presented comparison results help practitioners to evaluate the candidate autobidding algorithms from different perspectives and select ones that are efficient according to their companies' targets.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 68 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Oct 2025.

Builds on

37 of 68 references.

References · 37

  1. 2015Continuous control with deep reinforcement learningcited by 3,407
  2. 2018Addressing Function Approximation Error in Actor-Critic Methodscited by 2,417
  3. 2016Asynchronous Methods for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 2,258
  4. 2020Context-aware Dynamics Model for Generalization in Model-Based Reinforcement Learningcited by 98
  5. 2017Real-Time Bidding by Reinforcement Learning in Display Advertisingcited by 91
  6. 2018Budget Constrained Bidding by Model-free Reinforcement Learning in Display Advertisingcited by 61
  7. 2017Optimized Cost per Click in Taobao Display Advertisingcited by 57
  8. 2019Bid Optimization by Multivariable Control in Display Advertisingcited by 37
  9. 2018Deep Reinforcement Learning for Sponsored Search Real-time Biddingcited by 34
  10. 2022Sustainable Online Reinforcement Learning for Auto-biddingcited by 29
  11. 2024AuctionNet: A Novel Benchmark for Decision-Making in Large-Scale Gamescited by 28
  12. 2024Auto-bidding and Auctions in Online Advertising: A Surveycited by 26
25 more
  1. 2025Generative Auto-Bidding with Value-Guided Explorationscited by 23
  2. 2016Feedback Control of Real-Time Display Advertisingcited by 22
  3. 2021A Cooperative-Competitive Multi-Agent Framework for Auto-bidding in Online Advertisingcited by 22
  4. 2021Robust Auction Design in the Auto-bidding Worldcited by 21
  5. 2023Autobidders with Budget and ROI Constraints: Efficiency, Regret, and Pacing Dynamicscited by 20
  6. 2015Smart Pacing for Effective Online Ad Campaign Optimizationcited by 14
  7. 2021An Efficient Deep Distribution Network for Bid Shading in First-Price Auctionscited by 14
  8. 2013Real Time Bid Optimization with Smooth Budget Delivery in Online Advertisingcited by 13
  9. 2022ROI-Constrained Bidding via Curriculum-Guided Bayesian Reinforcement Learningcited by 12
  10. 2020Bid Shading in The Brave New World of First-Price Auctionscited by 11
  11. 2019AiAds: Automated and Intelligent Advertising System for Sponsored Searchcited by 10
  12. 2021Multi-Agent Cooperative Bidding Games for Multi-Objective Optimization in e-Commercial Sponsored Searchcited by 7
  13. 2015Statistical Arbitrage Mining for Display Advertisingcited by 6
  14. 2020Non-quasi-linear Agents in Quasi-linear Mechanismscited by 6
  15. 2016Optimal Real-Time Bidding Frameworks Discussioncited by 5
  16. 2017Managing Risk of Bidding in Display Advertisingcited by 5
  17. 2022Real-time Bidding Strategy in Display Advertising: An Empirical Analysiscited by 4
  18. 2023Coordinated Dynamic Bidding in Repeated Second-Price Auctions with Budgetscited by 4
  19. 2017LADDER: A Human-Level Bidding Agent for Large-Scale Real-Time Online Auctionscited by 3
  20. 2022Users and Contemporary SERPs: A (Re-)Investigation Examining User Interactions and Experiencescited by 2
  21. 2025BAT: Benchmark for Auto-bidding Taskcited by 2
  22. 2022Vulnerabilities of Single-Round Incentive Compatibility in Auto-bidding: Theory and Evidence from ROI-Constrained Online Advertising Marketscited by 1
  23. 2022Do not Waste Money on Advertising Spend: Bid Recommendation via Concavity Changescited by 1
  24. 2023Competitive and Revenue-Optimal Pricing with Budgetscited by 1
  25. 2025Lightweight Auto-bidding based on Traffic Prediction in Live Advertisingcited by 1

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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.

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  1. 2026Fine-Tuning Autobidders with Group Relative Policy Optimization ↗
  2. 2024Trajectory-wise Iterative Reinforcement Learning Framework for Auto-bidding
  3. 2026DRIVE: Distributional and Retrieval-Augmented Bidding with Value Evaluation
  4. 2026PlatformBid: An Auto-Bidding Benchmark from a Unified Advertising Platform's Perspective
  5. 2024AIGB: Generative Auto-bidding via Conditional Diffusion Modeling
  6. 2025EBaReT: Expert-guided Bag Reward Transformer for Auto Bidding
  7. 2024Artificial Intelligence for Multi-Unit Auction design
  8. 2025Enhancing Generative Auto-bidding with Offline Reward Evaluation and Policy Search