Trajectory-wise Iterative Reinforcement Learning Framework for Auto-bidding
On the map: Offline RL and imitation learning from data → Decision transformers and sequence modeling
Abstract (arXiv)
In online advertising, advertisers participate in ad auctions to acquire ad opportunities, often by utilizing auto-bidding tools provided by demand-side platforms (DSPs). The current auto-bidding algorithms typically employ reinforcement learning (RL). However, due to safety concerns, most RL-based auto-bidding policies are trained in simulation, leading to a performance degradation when deployed in online environments. To narrow this gap, we can deploy multiple auto-bidding agents in parallel to collect a large interaction dataset. Offline RL algorithms can then be utilized to train a new policy. The trained policy can subsequently be deployed for further data collection, resulting in an iterative training framework, which we refer to as iterative offline RL. In this work, we identify the performance bottleneck of this iterative offline RL framework, which originates from the ineffective exploration and exploitation caused by the inherent conservatism of offline RL algorithms. To overcome this bottleneck, we propose Trajectory-wise Exploration and Exploitation (TEE), which introduces a novel data collecting and data utilization method for iterative offline RL from a trajectory perspective. Furthermore, to ensure the safety of online exploration while preserving the dataset quality for TEE, we propose Safe Exploration by Adaptive Action Selection (SEAS). Both offline experiments and real-world experiments on Alibaba display advertising platform demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Decision transformers and sequence modeling, one of 13 directions in Offline RL and imitation learning from data. Builds on 21 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Feb 2024.
Builds on
21 of 34 references.
References · 21
- 2015Continuous control with deep reinforcement learningcited by 3,279
- 2018Addressing Function Approximation Error in Actor-Critic Methodscited by 2,302
- 2020Offline Reinforcement Learning: Tutorial, Review, and Perspectives on Open Problemscited by 1,873
- 2020Conservative Q-Learning for Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,777
- 2021Offline Reinforcement Learning with Implicit Q-Learningcited by 1,245
- 2018Off-Policy Deep Reinforcement Learning without Explorationcited by 1,227
- 2017Curiosity-driven Exploration by Self-supervised Predictioncited by 1,173
- 2021A Minimalist Approach to Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 882
- 2019Stabilizing Off-Policy Q-Learning via Bootstrapping Error Reductioncited by 833
- 2017Rainbow: Combining Improvements in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 774
- 2016Unifying Count-Based Exploration and Intrinsic Motivationcited by 632
- 2020Agent57: Outperforming the Atari Human Benchmarkcited by 300
9 more
- 2021Bridging Offline Reinforcement Learning and Imitation Learning: A Tale of Pessimismcited by 275
- 2017Count-Based Exploration with Neural Density Modelscited by 255
- 2017Parameter Space Noise for Explorationcited by 158
- 2020Deployment-Efficient Reinforcement Learning via Model-Based Offline Optimizationcited by 120
- 2017Real-Time Bidding by Reinforcement Learning in Display Advertisingcited by 90
- 2018Budget Constrained Bidding by Model-free Reinforcement Learning in Display Advertisingcited by 60
- 2022Sustainable Online Reinforcement Learning for Auto-biddingcited by 28
- 2022Boosting Offline Reinforcement Learning via Data Rebalancingcited by 22
- 2016Optimal Real-Time Bidding Frameworks Discussioncited by 5
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 6.
9 papers.
- 2024AuctionNet: A Novel Benchmark for Decision-Making in Large-Scale Gamescited by 26
- 2025Generative Large-Scale Pre-trained Models for Automated Ad Bidding Optimizationcited by 3
- 2026DARA: Few-shot Budget Allocation in Online Advertising via In-Context Decision Making with RL-Finetuned LLMscited by 3
- 2026PRO-Bid: Pareto-Prioritized Regret Optimization for Constraint-Aware Generative Auto-Biddingcited by 1
- 2025The Bidding Games: Reinforcement Learning for MEV Extraction on Polygon Blockchaincited by 0
- 2026Q-Regularized Generative Auto-Bidding: From Suboptimal Trajectories to Optimal Policiescited by 0
- 2026Generative Auto-Bidding with Unified Modeling and Explorationcited by 0
- 2026Constrained Auto-Bidding via Generative Response Modelingcited by 0
- 2026AIGB-R1: Self-Evolving Generative Auto-Bidding via Hierarchical Planner-Executor Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026AIGB-R1: Self-Evolving Generative Auto-Bidding via Hierarchical Planner-Executor Optimization19 Jul 2026
- 2026Constrained Auto-Bidding via Generative Response Modeling27 May 2026
- 2026Generative Auto-Bidding with Unified Modeling and Exploration19 May 2026
- 2026PRO-Bid: Pareto-Prioritized Regret Optimization for Constraint-Aware Generative Auto-Bidding9 Feb 2026
- 2026DARA: Few-shot Budget Allocation in Online Advertising via In-Context Decision Making with RL-Finetuned LLMs21 Jan 2026
- 2026Q-Regularized Generative Auto-Bidding: From Suboptimal Trajectories to Optimal Policies6 Jan 2026
- 2025The Bidding Games: Reinforcement Learning for MEV Extraction on Polygon Blockchain16 Oct 2025
- 2025Generative Large-Scale Pre-trained Models for Automated Ad Bidding Optimization4 Aug 2025
- 2024AuctionNet: A Novel Benchmark for Decision-Making in Large-Scale Games14 Dec 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Enhancing Generative Auto-bidding with Offline Reward Evaluation and Policy Search
- 2026DRIVE: Distributional and Retrieval-Augmented Bidding with Value Evaluation
- 2023Offline Reinforcement Learning for Optimizing Production Bidding Policies
- 2025Optimal Return-to-Go Guided Decision Transformer for Auto-Bidding in Advertisement
- 2021Accelerating Offline Reinforcement Learning Application in Real-Time Bidding and Recommendation: Potential Use of Simulation
- 2025Expert-Guided Diffusion Planner for Auto-Bidding
- 2024AIGB: Generative Auto-bidding via Conditional Diffusion Modeling
- 2025Permutation Equivariant Model-based Offline Reinforcement Learning for Auto-bidding