An Efficient Deep Distribution Network for Bid Shading in First-Price Auctions
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Abstract (arXiv)
Since 2019, most ad exchanges and sell-side platforms (SSPs), in the online advertising industry, shifted from second to first price auctions. Due to the fundamental difference between these auctions, demand-side platforms (DSPs) have had to update their bidding strategies to avoid bidding unnecessarily high and hence overpaying. Bid shading was proposed to adjust the bid price intended for second-price auctions, in order to balance cost and winning probability in a first-price auction setup. In this study, we introduce a novel deep distribution network for optimal bidding in both open (non-censored) and closed (censored) online first-price auctions. Offline and online A/B testing results show that our algorithm outperforms previous state-of-art algorithms in terms of both surplus and effective cost per action (eCPX) metrics. Furthermore, the algorithm is optimized in run-time and has been deployed into VerizonMedia DSP as production algorithm, serving hundreds of billions of bid requests per day. Online A/B test shows that advertiser's ROI are improved by +2.4%, +2.4%, and +8.6% for impression based (CPM), click based (CPC), and conversion based (CPA) campaigns respectively.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Jul 2021.
Builds on
9 of 42 references.
References · 9
- 2016Wide & Deep Learning for Recommender Systemscited by 747
- 2017DeepFM: A Factorization-Machine based Neural Network for CTR Predictioncited by 676
- 2017Real-Time Bidding by Reinforcement Learning in Display Advertisingcited by 91
- 2018Budget Constrained Bidding by Model-free Reinforcement Learning in Display Advertisingcited by 61
- 2018Field-weighted Factorization Machines for Click-Through Rate Prediction in Display Advertisingcited by 59
- 2019Bid Optimization by Multivariable Control in Display Advertisingcited by 37
- 2019Predicting Different Types of Conversions with Multi-Task Learning in Online Advertisingcited by 21
- 2020Bid Shading in The Brave New World of First-Price Auctionscited by 11
- 2020Bid Shading by Win-Rate Estimation and Surplus Maximizationcited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 1; 2023: 3; 2024: 2; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
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- 2025An Adaptable Budget Planner for Enhancing Budget-Constrained Auto-Bidding in Online Advertisingcited by 5
- 2025Generative Auto-Bidding in Large-Scale Competitive Auctions via Diffusion Completer-Alignercited by 5
- 2022Towards Trustworthy AI-Empowered Real-Time Bidding for Online Advertisement Auctioningcited by 4
- 2023HiBid: A Cross-Channel Constrained Bidding System with Budget Allocation by Hierarchical Offline Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
- 2021Arbitrary Distribution Modeling with Censorship in Real-Time Bidding Advertisingcited by 3
- 2024MEBS: Multi-task End-to-end Bid Shading for Multi-slot Display Advertisingcited by 3
- 2024Auto-bidding in real-time auctions via Oracle Imitation Learning (OIL)cited by 3
- 2023Randomized algorithms for precise measurement of differentially-private, personalized recommendationscited by 1
- 2025Generative Bid Shading in Real-Time Bidding Advertisingcited by 1
- 2025Autobidding Arena: unified evaluation of the classical and RL-based autobidding algorithmscited by 1
- 2023RTB Formulation Using Point Processcited by 0
- 2025HOB: A Holistically Optimized Bidding Strategy under Heterogeneous Bidding Environmentscited by 0
2 more
- 2026Guiding the Recommender: Information-Aware Auto-Bidding for Content Promotioncited by 0
- 2026The Spectral Neuroncited by 0
- 2026The Spectral Neuron8 Aug 2026
- 2026Guiding the Recommender: Information-Aware Auto-Bidding for Content Promotion28 Jan 2026
- 2025Autobidding Arena: unified evaluation of the classical and RL-based autobidding algorithms22 Oct 2025
- 2025HOB: A Holistically Optimized Bidding Strategy under Heterogeneous Bidding Environments17 Oct 2025
- 2025Generative Auto-Bidding in Large-Scale Competitive Auctions via Diffusion Completer-Aligner3 Sep 2025
- 2025Generative Bid Shading in Real-Time Bidding Advertising6 Aug 2025
- 2025An Adaptable Budget Planner for Enhancing Budget-Constrained Auto-Bidding in Online Advertising26 Jan 2025
- 2024Auto-bidding in real-time auctions via Oracle Imitation Learning (OIL)16 Dec 2024
- 2024MEBS: Multi-task End-to-end Bid Shading for Multi-slot Display Advertising5 Mar 2024
- 2023HiBid: A Cross-Channel Constrained Bidding System with Budget Allocation by Hierarchical Offline Deep Reinforcement Learning29 Dec 2023
- 2023RTB Formulation Using Point Process17 Aug 2023
- 2023Randomized algorithms for precise measurement of differentially-private, personalized recommendations7 Aug 2023
- 2025An Adaptable Budget Planner for Enhancing Budget-Constrained Auto-Bidding in Online Advertisingcited by 5
- 2025Generative Auto-Bidding in Large-Scale Competitive Auctions via Diffusion Completer-Alignercited by 5
- 2022Towards Trustworthy AI-Empowered Real-Time Bidding for Online Advertisement Auctioningcited by 4
- 2021Arbitrary Distribution Modeling with Censorship in Real-Time Bidding Advertisingcited by 3
- 2024MEBS: Multi-task End-to-end Bid Shading for Multi-slot Display Advertisingcited by 3
- 2024Auto-bidding in real-time auctions via Oracle Imitation Learning (OIL)cited by 3
- 2023Randomized algorithms for precise measurement of differentially-private, personalized recommendationscited by 1
- 2025Generative Bid Shading in Real-Time Bidding Advertisingcited by 1
- 2025Autobidding Arena: unified evaluation of the classical and RL-based autobidding algorithmscited by 1
- 2023RTB Formulation Using Point Processcited by 0
- 2025HOB: A Holistically Optimized Bidding Strategy under Heterogeneous Bidding Environmentscited by 0
- 2026Guiding the Recommender: Information-Aware Auto-Bidding for Content Promotioncited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026The Spectral Neuron8 Aug 2026
- 2026Guiding the Recommender: Information-Aware Auto-Bidding for Content Promotion28 Jan 2026
- 2025Autobidding Arena: unified evaluation of the classical and RL-based autobidding algorithms22 Oct 2025
- 2025HOB: A Holistically Optimized Bidding Strategy under Heterogeneous Bidding Environments17 Oct 2025
- 2025Generative Auto-Bidding in Large-Scale Competitive Auctions via Diffusion Completer-Aligner3 Sep 2025
- 2025Generative Bid Shading in Real-Time Bidding Advertising6 Aug 2025
- 2025An Adaptable Budget Planner for Enhancing Budget-Constrained Auto-Bidding in Online Advertising26 Jan 2025
- 2024Auto-bidding in real-time auctions via Oracle Imitation Learning (OIL)16 Dec 2024
- 2024MEBS: Multi-task End-to-end Bid Shading for Multi-slot Display Advertising5 Mar 2024
- 2023RTB Formulation Using Point Process17 Aug 2023
- 2023Randomized algorithms for precise measurement of differentially-private, personalized recommendations7 Aug 2023
- 2022Towards Trustworthy AI-Empowered Real-Time Bidding for Online Advertisement Auctioning21 Sep 2022
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)