Game-Time: Evaluating Temporal Dynamics in Spoken Language Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Conversational Spoken Language Models (SLMs) are emerging as a promising paradigm for real-time speech interaction. However, their capacity of temporal dynamics, including the ability to manage timing, tempo and simultaneous speaking, remains a critical and unevaluated challenge for conversational fluency. To address this gap, we introduce the Game-Time Benchmark, a framework to systematically assess these temporal capabilities. Inspired by how humans learn a language through language activities, Game-Time consists of basic instruction-following tasks and advanced tasks with temporal constraints, such as tempo adherence and synchronized responses. Our evaluation of diverse SLM architectures reveals a clear performance disparity: while state-of-the-art models handle basic tasks well, many contemporary systems still struggle with fundamental instruction-following. More critically, nearly all models degrade substantially under temporal constraints, exposing persistent weaknesses in time awareness and full-duplex interaction. The Game-Time Benchmark provides a foundation for guiding future research toward more temporally-aware conversational AI. Demos and datasets are available on our project website https://ga642381.github.io/Game-Time.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Sep 2025.
Builds on
35 of 42 references.
References · 35
- 2025Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilitiescited by 3,655
- 2023Instruction-Following Evaluation for Large Language Modelscited by 1,143
- 2025Qwen2.5-Omni Technical Reportcited by 704
- 2024Moshi: a speech-text foundation model for real-time dialoguecited by 536
- 2024CosyVoice 2: Scalable Streaming Speech Synthesis with Large Language Modelscited by 282
- 2024VoiceBench: Benchmarking LLM-Based Voice Assistantscited by 192
- 2025VITA-1.5: Towards GPT-4o Level Real-Time Vision and Speech Interactioncited by 191
- 2025Generalizing Verifiable Instruction Followingcited by 178
- 2024Freeze-Omni: A Smart and Low Latency Speech-to-speech Dialogue Model with Frozen LLMcited by 135
- 2022Generative Spoken Dialogue Language Modelingcited by 125
- 2025On The Landscape of Spoken Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 116
- 2025Full-Duplex-Bench: A Benchmark to Evaluate Full-duplex Spoken Dialogue Models on Turn-taking Capabilitiescited by 94
23 more
- 2024WavChat: A Survey of Spoken Dialogue Modelscited by 88
- 2024Recent Advances in Speech Language Models: A Surveycited by 85
- 2025MinMo: A Multimodal Large Language Model for Seamless Voice Interactioncited by 79
- 2024SD-Eval: A Benchmark Dataset for Spoken Dialogue Understanding Beyond Wordscited by 67
- 2024Language Model Can Listen While Speakingcited by 62
- 2024OmniFlatten: An End-to-end GPT Model for Seamless Voice Conversationcited by 57
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- 2024Towards audio language modeling -- an overviewcited by 40
- 2024A Full-duplex Speech Dialogue Scheme Based On Large Language Modelscited by 40
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- 2025SALM-Duplex: Efficient and Direct Duplex Modeling for Speech-to-Speech Language Modelcited by 32
- 2025URO-Bench: Towards Comprehensive Evaluation for End-to-End Spoken Dialogue Modelscited by 29
- 2024Benchmarking Open-ended Audio Dialogue Understanding for Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 28
- 2024Beyond the Turn-Based Game: Enabling Real-Time Conversations with Duplex Modelscited by 26
- 2025SALMONN-omni: A Standalone Speech LLM without Codec Injection for Full-duplex Conversationcited by 25
- 2025Streaming Sequence-to-Sequence Learning with Delayed Streams Modelingcited by 24
- 2025NTPP: Generative Speech Language Modeling for Dual-Channel Spoken Dialogue via Next-Token-Pair Predictioncited by 19
- 2025Audio-Aware Large Language Models as Judges for Speaking Stylescited by 17
- 2025FD-Bench: A Full-Duplex Benchmarking Pipeline Designed for Full Duplex Spoken Dialogue Systemscited by 17
- 2025VocalBench: Benchmarking the Vocal Conversational Abilities for Speech Interaction Modelscited by 15
- 2025Aligning Spoken Dialogue Models from User Interactionscited by 11
- 2025Beyond Words: Multimodal LLM Knows When to Speakcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 12.
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- 2026Multi-Faceted Interactivity Alignment in Full-Duplex Speech Modelscited by 9
- 2026AQAScore: Evaluating Semantic Alignment in Text-to-Audio Generation via Audio Question Answeringcited by 8
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- 2026Overcoming State Inertia in Full-Duplex Spoken Language Models via Activation Steeringcited by 2
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- 2026Unit-Based Agent for Semi-Cascaded Full-Duplex Dialogue Systemscited by 1
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- 2026The Sound of Absence: Audio-Language Embedding Models Struggle with Negationcited by 1
- 2025Style Amnesia: Investigating Speaking Style Degradation and Mitigation in Multi-Turn Spoken Language Modelscited by 0
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- 2026The Sound of Absence: Audio-Language Embedding Models Struggle with Negation14 Jul 2026
- 2026Overcoming State Inertia in Full-Duplex Spoken Language Models via Activation Steering9 Jun 2026
- 2026Multi-Faceted Interactivity Alignment in Full-Duplex Speech Models9 Jun 2026
- 2026Walking Through Uncertainty: An Empirical Study of Uncertainty Estimation for Audio-Aware Large Language Models28 Apr 2026
- 2026ASPIRin: Action Space Projection for Interactivity-Optimized Reinforcement Learning in Full-Duplex Speech Language Models11 Apr 2026
- 2026Raon-Speech Technical Report8 Apr 2026
- 2026TiCo: Time-Controllable Spoken Dialogue Model23 Mar 2026
- 2026Unit-Based Agent for Semi-Cascaded Full-Duplex Dialogue Systems28 Jan 2026
- 2026AQAScore: Evaluating Semantic Alignment in Text-to-Audio Generation via Audio Question Answering21 Jan 2026
- 2026AQUA-Bench: Beyond Finding Answers to Knowing When There Are None in Audio Question Answering18 Jan 2026
- 2026Multi-Faceted Interactivity Alignment in Full-Duplex Speech Modelscited by 9
- 2026AQAScore: Evaluating Semantic Alignment in Text-to-Audio Generation via Audio Question Answeringcited by 8
- 2026AQUA-Bench: Beyond Finding Answers to Knowing When There Are None in Audio Question Answeringcited by 6
- 2026Walking Through Uncertainty: An Empirical Study of Uncertainty Estimation for Audio-Aware Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2026Raon-Speech Technical Reportcited by 4
- 2026ASPIRin: Action Space Projection for Interactivity-Optimized Reinforcement Learning in Full-Duplex Speech Language Modelscited by 3
- 2026Overcoming State Inertia in Full-Duplex Spoken Language Models via Activation Steeringcited by 2
- 2026MP-Bench: Evaluating Voice Agents as a Multiparty Conversation Participantcited by 2
- 2026TiCo: Time-Controllable Spoken Dialogue Modelcited by 1
- 2026The Sound of Absence: Audio-Language Embedding Models Struggle with Negationcited by 1
- 2025Style Amnesia: Investigating Speaking Style Degradation and Mitigation in Multi-Turn Spoken Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026MP-Bench: Evaluating Voice Agents as a Multiparty Conversation Participant11 Sep 2026
- 2026The Sound of Absence: Audio-Language Embedding Models Struggle with Negation14 Jul 2026
- 2026Overcoming State Inertia in Full-Duplex Spoken Language Models via Activation Steering9 Jun 2026
- 2026Multi-Faceted Interactivity Alignment in Full-Duplex Speech Models9 Jun 2026
- 2026Walking Through Uncertainty: An Empirical Study of Uncertainty Estimation for Audio-Aware Large Language Models28 Apr 2026
- 2026ASPIRin: Action Space Projection for Interactivity-Optimized Reinforcement Learning in Full-Duplex Speech Language Models11 Apr 2026
- 2026Raon-Speech Technical Report8 Apr 2026
- 2026TiCo: Time-Controllable Spoken Dialogue Model23 Mar 2026
- 2026AQAScore: Evaluating Semantic Alignment in Text-to-Audio Generation via Audio Question Answering21 Jan 2026
- 2026AQUA-Bench: Beyond Finding Answers to Knowing When There Are None in Audio Question Answering18 Jan 2026
- 2025Style Amnesia: Investigating Speaking Style Degradation and Mitigation in Multi-Turn Spoken Language Models29 Dec 2025