DeSTA2.5-Audio: Toward General-Purpose Large Audio Language Model with Self-Generated Cross-Modal Alignment
On the map: Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs → Self-rewarding alignment and self-training
Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce DeSTA2.5-Audio, a general-purpose Large Audio Language Model (LALM) designed for robust auditory perception and instruction-following. Recent LALMs augment Large Language Models (LLMs) with auditory capabilities by training on large-scale audio-instruction datasets. However, existing LALMs have often suffered from the catastrophic forgetting of the LLM's original abilities. Therefore, balancing knowledge retention and audio perception has become a critical challenge. To address this, we revisit the data construction pipeline and propose a self-generated cross-modal alignment strategy in which the backbone LLM generates its own training targets, named DeSTA. This approach aims at preserving the LLM's native language proficiency thereby enabling zero-shot generalization without task-specific tuning. We construct DeSTA-AQA5M, a large-scale, task-agnostic dataset containing 5 million training samples derived from 7,000 hours of audio spanning 50 diverse datasets, including speech, environmental sounds, and music. DeSTA2.5-Audio achieves state-of-the-art or competitive performance across a wide range of audio-language benchmarks, including Dynamic-SUPERB, MMAU, SAKURA, Speech-IFEval, and VoiceBench. Comprehensive comparative studies demonstrate that our self-generated strategy outperforms existing training strategies. Our findings underscore the importance of carefully designed data construction in LALM development and offer practical insights for building robust, general-purpose LALMs.
Key facts. Cited by 50 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Self-rewarding alignment and self-training, one of 13 directions in Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs. Builds on 103 of its 132 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Jul 2025.
Builds on
103 of 132 references.
Closest ancestors · 1
Same direction, newest first
- 2023BLSP: Bootstrapping Language-Speech Pre-training via Behavior Alignment of Continuation Writing2 Sep
Other references · 102
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
- 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,137
- 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,944
- 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,942
- 2023Qwen Technical Reportcited by 3,344
- 2022Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructionscited by 2,724
- 2023MiniGPT-4: Enhancing Vision-Language Understanding with Advanced Large Language Modelscited by 2,711
38 more
- 2025Gemma 3 Technical Reportcited by 1,824
- 2019Common Voice: A Massively-Multilingual Speech Corpuscited by 1,384
- 2018Speech Commands: A Dataset for Limited-Vocabulary Speech Recognitioncited by 752
- 2017VoxCeleb: a large-scale speaker identification datasetcited by 732
- 2013An Empirical Investigation of Catastrophic Forgetting in Gradient-Based Neural Networkscited by 722
- 2022Large-scale Contrastive Language-Audio Pretraining with Feature Fusion and Keyword-to-Caption Augmentationcited by 719
- 2023VILA: On Pre-training for Visual Language Modelscited by 692
- 2021SUPERB: Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmarkcited by 666
- 2018MELD: A Multimodal Multi-Party Dataset for Emotion Recognition in Conversationscited by 643
- 2023Qwen-Audio: Advancing Universal Audio Understanding via Unified Large-Scale Audio-Language Modelscited by 608
- 2023LLaMA-Adapter V2: Parameter-Efficient Visual Instruction Modelcited by 602
- 2024Moshi: a speech-text foundation model for real-time dialoguecited by 568
- 2024Qwen2-Audio Technical Reportcited by 560
- 2023Otter: A Multi-Modal Model with In-Context Instruction Tuningcited by 550
- 2025Phi-4-Mini Technical Report: Compact yet Powerful Multimodal Language Models via Mixture-of-LoRAscited by 521
- 2023SALMONN: Towards Generic Hearing Abilities for Large Language Modelscited by 506
- 2015MUSAN: A Music, Speech, and Noise Corpuscited by 425
- 2022Unnatural Instructions: Tuning Language Models with (Almost) No Human Laborcited by 397
- 2019Clotho: An Audio Captioning Datasetcited by 358
- 2020FSD50K: An Open Dataset of Human-Labeled Sound Eventscited by 342
- 2023From Quantity to Quality: Boosting LLM Performance with Self-Guided Data Selection for Instruction Tuningcited by 307
- 2024MMAU: A Massive Multi-Task Audio Understanding and Reasoning Benchmarkcited by 288
- 2023WavCaps: A ChatGPT-Assisted Weakly-Labelled Audio Captioning Dataset for Audio-Language Multimodal Researchcited by 267
- 2017Neural Audio Synthesis of Musical Notes with WaveNet Autoencoderscited by 225
- 2024GLM-4-Voice: Towards Intelligent and Human-Like End-to-End Spoken Chatbotcited by 224
- 2023Listen, Think, and Understandcited by 209
- 2016FMA: A Dataset For Music Analysiscited by 207
- 2024Emilia: An Extensive, Multilingual, and Diverse Speech Dataset for Large-Scale Speech Generationcited by 204
- 2024VoiceBench: Benchmarking LLM-Based Voice Assistantscited by 200
- 2025VITA-1.5: Towards GPT-4o Level Real-Time Vision and Speech Interactioncited by 197
- 2024Audio Flamingo: A Novel Audio Language Model with Few-Shot Learning and Dialogue Abilitiescited by 186
- 2024GAMA: A Large Audio-Language Model with Advanced Audio Understanding and Complex Reasoning Abilitiescited by 156
- 2023Self-Alignment with Instruction Backtranslationcited by 151
- 2025Audio Flamingo 2: An Audio-Language Model with Long-Audio Understanding and Expert Reasoning Abilitiescited by 133
- 2024AudioBench: A Universal Benchmark for Audio Large Language Modelscited by 128
- 2024E5-V: Universal Embeddings with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 126
- 2020Seen and Unseen emotional style transfer for voice conversion with a new emotional speech datasetcited by 121
- 2025On The Landscape of Spoken Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 118
50 most cited of 102 All 102 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 17; 2026: 33.
50 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2025STITCH: Simultaneous Thinking and Talking with Chunked Reasoning for Spoken Language Modelscited by 26
- 2026X-OPD: Cross-Modal On-Policy Distillation for Capability Alignment in Speech LLMscited by 16
- 2025EchoMind: An Interrelated Multi-level Benchmark for Evaluating Empathetic Speech Language Modelscited by 11
- 2025STAR-Bench: Probing Deep Spatio-Temporal Reasoning as Audio 4D Intelligencecited by 11
- 2025UALM: Unified Audio Language Model for Understanding, Generation and Reasoningcited by 10
- 2026Closing the Modality Reasoning Gap for Speech Large Language Modelscited by 9
- 2026All That Glitters Is Not Audio: Rethinking Text Priors and Audio Reliance in Audio-Language Evaluationcited by 8
- 2025Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Speech Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2026How Contrastive Decoding Enhances Large Audio Language Modelscited by 6
- 2025Hearing the Order: Investigating Position Bias in Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 5
- 2025SAKE: Towards Editing Auditory Attribute Knowledge of Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 5
- 2026Causal Tracing of Audio-Text Fusion in Large Audio Language Modelscited by 5
38 more
- 2025When Silence Matters: The Impact of Irrelevant Audio on Text Reasoning in Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 4
- 2025Investigating Safety Vulnerabilities of Large Audio-Language Models Under Speaker Emotional Variationscited by 4
- 2026Bagpiper: Solving Open-Ended Audio Tasks via Rich Captionscited by 4
- 2025ISA-Bench: Benchmarking Instruction Sensitivity for Large Audio Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025CantoASR: Prosody-Aware ASR-LALM Collaboration for Low-Resource Cantonesecited by 3
- 2025AzeroS: Extending LLM to Speech with Self-Generated Instruction-Free Tuningcited by 3
- 2026DIFFA-2: A Practical Diffusion Large Language Model for General Audio Understandingcited by 3
- 2026Echo: Towards Advanced Audio Comprehension via Audio-Interleaved Reasoningcited by 3
- 2026ASPIRin: Action Space Projection for Interactivity-Optimized Reinforcement Learning in Full-Duplex Speech Language Modelscited by 3
- 2026VIBE: Voice-Induced open-ended Bias Evaluation for Large Audio-Language Models via Real-World Speechcited by 3
- 2025CMDAR: A Chinese Multi-scene Dynamic Audio Reasoning Benchmark with Diverse Challengescited by 2
- 2025ORCA: Open-ended Response Correctness Assessment for Audio Question Answeringcited by 2
- 2026Reflecting Twice before Speaking with Empathy: Self-Reflective Alternating Inference for Empathy-Aware End-to-End Spoken Dialoguecited by 2
- 2026MUGEN: Evaluating and Improving Multi-audio Understanding of Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026Nudging Hidden States: Training-Free Model Steering for Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026How Auditory Knowledge in LLM Backbones Shapes Audio Language Models: A Holistic Evaluationcited by 2
- 2026Membership Inference Attacks against Large Audio Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026MedMosaic: A Challenging Large Scale Benchmark of Diverse Medical Audiocited by 2
- 2026JASTIN: Aligning LLMs for Zero-Shot Audio and Speech Evaluation via Natural Language Instructionscited by 2
- 2026A Closer Look at Failure Modes in Temporal Understanding of Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026CAAD: Contrastive Audio-Aware Distillation for Efficient Speech Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025TAU: A Benchmark for Cultural Sound Understanding Beyond Semanticscited by 1
- 2026ALARM: Audio-Language Alignment for Reasoning Modelscited by 1
- 2026TiCo: Time-Controllable Spoken Dialogue Modelcited by 1
- 2026Adaptive Perturbation Selection for Contrastive Audio Decodingcited by 1
- 2026SPEARBench: A Benchmark for Naturalness Evaluation in Streaming Speech-to-Speech Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Quantifying the Generation Modality Gap in Speech-Text Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025MI-Fuse: Label Fusion for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation with Closed-Source Large-Audio Language Modelcited by 0
- 2025MedVoiceBias: A Controlled Study of Audio LLM Behavior in Clinical Decision-Makingcited by 0
- 2026When Demonstrations Fail: Diagnosing the Limits of In-Context Learning in Large Audio-Language Models with Progressive Cue Removalcited by 0
- 2026AudioDER: A Deduplication-Enhanced Reasoning Dataset for Post-Training Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026RedVox: Safety and Fairness Gaps in Speech Models Across Languagescited by 0
- 2026Unlocking Speech-Text Compositional Powers: Instruction-Following Speech Language Models without Instruction Tuningcited by 0
- 2026Noisy-Channel Minimum Bayes Risk Decodingcited by 0
- 2026Encoder-Side Neuron Identification and Amplification for Acoustic Perception in Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Alignment Is All You Need: Instruction-Free Training for General Audio-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Causal Localization of the Refusal Direction in Audio Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Personalization Without Stereotyping: Do Speech LLMs Know When to Turn a Deaf Ear?cited by 0
- 2026Personalization Without Stereotyping: Do Speech LLMs Know When to Turn a Deaf Ear?9 Oct 2026
- 2026Quantifying the Generation Modality Gap in Speech-Text Language Models13 Sep 2026
- 2026Causal Localization of the Refusal Direction in Audio Language Models6 Sep 2026
- 2026Alignment Is All You Need: Instruction-Free Training for General Audio-Language Models28 Jul 2026
- 2026Encoder-Side Neuron Identification and Amplification for Acoustic Perception in Large Audio-Language Models13 Jul 2026
- 2026SPEARBench: A Benchmark for Naturalness Evaluation in Streaming Speech-to-Speech Language Models6 Jul 2026
- 2026Noisy-Channel Minimum Bayes Risk Decoding6 Jul 2026
- 2026Unlocking Speech-Text Compositional Powers: Instruction-Following Speech Language Models without Instruction Tuning2 Jul 2026
- 2026Adaptive Perturbation Selection for Contrastive Audio Decoding30 Jun 2026
- 2026RedVox: Safety and Fairness Gaps in Speech Models Across Languages25 Jun 2026
- 2026CAAD: Contrastive Audio-Aware Distillation for Efficient Speech Language Models22 Jun 2026
- 2026A Closer Look at Failure Modes in Temporal Understanding of Large Audio-Language Models16 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026AudioDER: A Deduplication-Enhanced Reasoning Dataset for Post-Training Large Audio-Language Models12 Jun 2026
- 2026JASTIN: Aligning LLMs for Zero-Shot Audio and Speech Evaluation via Natural Language Instructions6 May 2026
- 2026MedMosaic: A Challenging Large Scale Benchmark of Diverse Medical Audio1 May 2026
- 2026All That Glitters Is Not Audio: Rethinking Text Priors and Audio Reliance in Audio-Language Evaluation27 Apr 2026
- 2026VIBE: Voice-Induced open-ended Bias Evaluation for Large Audio-Language Models via Real-World Speech19 Apr 2026
- 2026ASPIRin: Action Space Projection for Interactivity-Optimized Reinforcement Learning in Full-Duplex Speech Language Models11 Apr 2026
- 2026Membership Inference Attacks against Large Audio Language Models30 Mar 2026
- 2026TiCo: Time-Controllable Spoken Dialogue Model23 Mar 2026
- 2026When Demonstrations Fail: Diagnosing the Limits of In-Context Learning in Large Audio-Language Models with Progressive Cue Removal20 Mar 2026
- 2026How Auditory Knowledge in LLM Backbones Shapes Audio Language Models: A Holistic Evaluation19 Mar 2026
- 2026Nudging Hidden States: Training-Free Model Steering for Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Large Audio-Language Models15 Mar 2026
- 2026Causal Tracing of Audio-Text Fusion in Large Audio Language Models14 Mar 2026
- 2026MUGEN: Evaluating and Improving Multi-audio Understanding of Large Audio-Language Models10 Mar 2026
- 2026ALARM: Audio-Language Alignment for Reasoning Models10 Mar 2026
- 2026How Contrastive Decoding Enhances Large Audio Language Models10 Mar 2026
- 2026X-OPD: Cross-Modal On-Policy Distillation for Capability Alignment in Speech LLMs6 Mar 2026
- 2026Echo: Towards Advanced Audio Comprehension via Audio-Interleaved Reasoning12 Feb 2026
- 2026Bagpiper: Solving Open-Ended Audio Tasks via Rich Captions5 Feb 2026
- 2026DIFFA-2: A Practical Diffusion Large Language Model for General Audio Understanding30 Jan 2026
- 2026Reflecting Twice before Speaking with Empathy: Self-Reflective Alternating Inference for Empathy-Aware End-to-End Spoken Dialogue26 Jan 2026
- 2026Closing the Modality Reasoning Gap for Speech Large Language Models9 Jan 2026
- 2025AzeroS: Extending LLM to Speech with Self-Generated Instruction-Free Tuning31 Dec 2025
- 2025ORCA: Open-ended Response Correctness Assessment for Audio Question Answering28 Nov 2025
- 2025MedVoiceBias: A Controlled Study of Audio LLM Behavior in Clinical Decision-Making10 Nov 2025
- 2025CantoASR: Prosody-Aware ASR-LALM Collaboration for Low-Resource Cantonese6 Nov 2025
- 2025STAR-Bench: Probing Deep Spatio-Temporal Reasoning as Audio 4D Intelligence28 Oct 2025
- 2025ISA-Bench: Benchmarking Instruction Sensitivity for Large Audio Language Models27 Oct 2025
- 2025EchoMind: An Interrelated Multi-level Benchmark for Evaluating Empathetic Speech Language Models26 Oct 2025
- 2025SAKE: Towards Editing Auditory Attribute Knowledge of Large Audio-Language Models19 Oct 2025
- 2025Investigating Safety Vulnerabilities of Large Audio-Language Models Under Speaker Emotional Variations19 Oct 2025
- 2025UALM: Unified Audio Language Model for Understanding, Generation and Reasoning13 Oct 2025
- 2025Hearing the Order: Investigating Position Bias in Large Audio-Language Models1 Oct 2025
- 2025When Silence Matters: The Impact of Irrelevant Audio on Text Reasoning in Large Audio-Language Models1 Oct 2025
- 2025TAU: A Benchmark for Cultural Sound Understanding Beyond Semantics30 Sep 2025
- 2025CMDAR: A Chinese Multi-scene Dynamic Audio Reasoning Benchmark with Diverse Challenges26 Sep 2025
- 2025MI-Fuse: Label Fusion for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation with Closed-Source Large-Audio Language Model25 Sep 2025
- 2025Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Speech Large Language Models18 Sep 2025
- 2025STITCH: Simultaneous Thinking and Talking with Chunked Reasoning for Spoken Language Models21 Jul 2025
- 2025STITCH: Simultaneous Thinking and Talking with Chunked Reasoning for Spoken Language Modelscited by 26
- 2025STAR-Bench: Probing Deep Spatio-Temporal Reasoning as Audio 4D Intelligencecited by 11
- 2025UALM: Unified Audio Language Model for Understanding, Generation and Reasoningcited by 10
- 2026Closing the Modality Reasoning Gap for Speech Large Language Modelscited by 9
- 2026All That Glitters Is Not Audio: Rethinking Text Priors and Audio Reliance in Audio-Language Evaluationcited by 8
- 2025When Silence Matters: The Impact of Irrelevant Audio on Text Reasoning in Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 4
- 2026Echo: Towards Advanced Audio Comprehension via Audio-Interleaved Reasoningcited by 3
- 2025CMDAR: A Chinese Multi-scene Dynamic Audio Reasoning Benchmark with Diverse Challengescited by 2
- 2026Nudging Hidden States: Training-Free Model Steering for Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026MedMosaic: A Challenging Large Scale Benchmark of Diverse Medical Audiocited by 2
- 2026A Closer Look at Failure Modes in Temporal Understanding of Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026ALARM: Audio-Language Alignment for Reasoning Modelscited by 1
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026A Closer Look at Failure Modes in Temporal Understanding of Large Audio-Language Models16 Jun 2026
- 2026AudioDER: A Deduplication-Enhanced Reasoning Dataset for Post-Training Large Audio-Language Models12 Jun 2026
- 2026MedMosaic: A Challenging Large Scale Benchmark of Diverse Medical Audio1 May 2026
- 2026All That Glitters Is Not Audio: Rethinking Text Priors and Audio Reliance in Audio-Language Evaluation27 Apr 2026
- 2026Nudging Hidden States: Training-Free Model Steering for Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Large Audio-Language Models15 Mar 2026
- 2026ALARM: Audio-Language Alignment for Reasoning Models10 Mar 2026
- 2026Echo: Towards Advanced Audio Comprehension via Audio-Interleaved Reasoning12 Feb 2026
- 2026Closing the Modality Reasoning Gap for Speech Large Language Models9 Jan 2026
- 2025STAR-Bench: Probing Deep Spatio-Temporal Reasoning as Audio 4D Intelligence28 Oct 2025
- 2025UALM: Unified Audio Language Model for Understanding, Generation and Reasoning13 Oct 2025
- 2025When Silence Matters: The Impact of Irrelevant Audio on Text Reasoning in Large Audio-Language Models1 Oct 2025
- 2025CMDAR: A Chinese Multi-scene Dynamic Audio Reasoning Benchmark with Diverse Challenges26 Sep 2025
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2025EchoMind: An Interrelated Multi-level Benchmark for Evaluating Empathetic Speech Language Modelscited by 11
- 2026How Contrastive Decoding Enhances Large Audio Language Modelscited by 6
- 2025Hearing the Order: Investigating Position Bias in Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 5
- 2025SAKE: Towards Editing Auditory Attribute Knowledge of Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 5
- 2026Causal Tracing of Audio-Text Fusion in Large Audio Language Modelscited by 5
- 2025Investigating Safety Vulnerabilities of Large Audio-Language Models Under Speaker Emotional Variationscited by 4
- 2026Bagpiper: Solving Open-Ended Audio Tasks via Rich Captionscited by 4
- 2025ISA-Bench: Benchmarking Instruction Sensitivity for Large Audio Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025CantoASR: Prosody-Aware ASR-LALM Collaboration for Low-Resource Cantonesecited by 3
- 2026DIFFA-2: A Practical Diffusion Large Language Model for General Audio Understandingcited by 3
- 2026ASPIRin: Action Space Projection for Interactivity-Optimized Reinforcement Learning in Full-Duplex Speech Language Modelscited by 3
- 2026VIBE: Voice-Induced open-ended Bias Evaluation for Large Audio-Language Models via Real-World Speechcited by 3
12 most cited of 31 All 31 (JSON)
- 2026Personalization Without Stereotyping: Do Speech LLMs Know When to Turn a Deaf Ear?9 Oct 2026
- 2026Quantifying the Generation Modality Gap in Speech-Text Language Models13 Sep 2026
- 2026Causal Localization of the Refusal Direction in Audio Language Models6 Sep 2026
- 2026Encoder-Side Neuron Identification and Amplification for Acoustic Perception in Large Audio-Language Models13 Jul 2026
- 2026SPEARBench: A Benchmark for Naturalness Evaluation in Streaming Speech-to-Speech Language Models6 Jul 2026
- 2026Noisy-Channel Minimum Bayes Risk Decoding6 Jul 2026
- 2026Unlocking Speech-Text Compositional Powers: Instruction-Following Speech Language Models without Instruction Tuning2 Jul 2026
- 2026Adaptive Perturbation Selection for Contrastive Audio Decoding30 Jun 2026
- 2026RedVox: Safety and Fairness Gaps in Speech Models Across Languages25 Jun 2026
- 2026JASTIN: Aligning LLMs for Zero-Shot Audio and Speech Evaluation via Natural Language Instructions6 May 2026
- 2026VIBE: Voice-Induced open-ended Bias Evaluation for Large Audio-Language Models via Real-World Speech19 Apr 2026
- 2026ASPIRin: Action Space Projection for Interactivity-Optimized Reinforcement Learning in Full-Duplex Speech Language Models11 Apr 2026
12 newest of 31 All 31 (JSON)
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025From Alignment to Advancement: Bootstrapping Audio-Language Alignment with Synthetic Data
- 2025Towards Reliable Large Audio Language Model
- 2025IFEval-Audio: Benchmarking Instruction-Following Capability in Audio-based Large Language Models
- 2026CORD: Bridging the Audio-Text Reasoning Gap via Weighted On-policy Cross-modal Distillation
- 2025U-SAM: An audio language Model for Unified Speech, Audio, and Music Understanding
- 2026Continuous Audio Thinking for Large Audio Language Models
- 2025Scaling Auditory Cognition via Test-Time Compute in Audio Language Models
- 2025Steer-MoE: Efficient Audio-Language Alignment with a Mixture-of-Experts Steering Module