mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Virgo: A Preliminary Exploration on Reproducing o1-like MLLM

arXiv 2501.01904 ↗First posted 3 Jan 2025cs.CV cs.AIcited by 68

On the map: LLM reasoning → Multimodal reasoning

Abstract (arXiv)

Recently, slow-thinking reasoning systems, built upon large language models (LLMs), have garnered widespread attention by scaling the thinking time during inference. There is also growing interest in adapting this capability to multimodal large language models (MLLMs). Given that MLLMs handle more complex data semantics across different modalities, it is intuitively more challenging to implement multimodal slow-thinking systems. To address this issue, in this paper, we explore a straightforward approach by fine-tuning a capable MLLM with a small amount of textual long-form thought data, resulting in a multimodal slow-thinking system, Virgo (Visual reasoning with long thought). We find that these long-form reasoning processes, expressed in natural language, can be effectively transferred to MLLMs. Moreover, it seems that such textual reasoning data can be even more effective than visual reasoning data in eliciting the slow-thinking capacities of MLLMs. While this work is preliminary, it demonstrates that slow-thinking capacities are fundamentally associated with the language model component, which can be transferred across modalities or domains. This finding can be leveraged to guide the development of more powerful slow-thinking reasoning systems. We release our resources at https://github.com/RUCAIBox/Virgo.

Key facts. Cited by 68 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Multimodal reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 13 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Jan 2025.

Builds on

13 of 36 references.

Closest ancestors · 3

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024Temporal Reasoning Transfer from Text to Video8 Oct
  2. 2024Measuring Multimodal Mathematical Reasoning with MATH-Vision Dataset22 Feb
  3. 2022ChartQA: A Benchmark for Question Answering about Charts with Visual and Logical Reasoning19 Mar

Other references · 10

  1. 2024Qwen2-VL: Enhancing Vision-Language Model's Perception of the World at Any Resolutioncited by 4,234
  2. 2024LLaVA-OneVision: Easy Visual Task Transfercited by 2,719
  3. 2024OlympiadBench: A Challenging Benchmark for Promoting AGI with Olympiad-Level Bilingual Multimodal Scientific Problemscited by 1,136
  4. 2024Long Context Transfer from Language to Visioncited by 515
  5. 2021Inter-GPS: Interpretable Geometry Problem Solving with Formal Language and Symbolic Reasoningcited by 383
  6. 2022Dynamic Prompt Learning via Policy Gradient for Semi-structured Mathematical Reasoningcited by 350
  7. 2017FigureQA: An Annotated Figure Dataset for Visual Reasoningcited by 319
  8. 2021GeoQA: A Geometric Question Answering Benchmark Towards Multimodal Numerical Reasoningcited by 228
  9. 2024Imitate, Explore, and Self-Improve: A Reproduction Report on Slow-thinking Reasoning Systemscited by 164
  10. 2022UniGeo: Unifying Geometry Logical Reasoning via Reformulating Mathematical Expressioncited by 137

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 57; 2026: 11.

68 papers.

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  1. 2025Towards Reasoning Era: A Survey of Long Chain-of-Thought for Reasoning Large Language Modelscited by 384
  2. 2025VL-Rethinker: Incentivizing Self-Reflection of Vision-Language Models with Reinforcement Learningcited by 323
  3. 2025From System 1 to System 2: A Survey of Reasoning Large Language Modelscited by 320
  4. 2025VideoChat-R1: Enhancing Spatio-Temporal Perception via Reinforcement Fine-Tuningcited by 255
  5. 2025Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 182
  6. 2025SpaceR: Reinforcing MLLMs in Video Spatial Reasoningcited by 159
  7. 2025MME-CoT: Benchmarking Chain-of-Thought in Large Multimodal Models for Reasoning Quality, Robustness, and Efficiencycited by 125
  8. 2025OpenVLThinker: Complex Vision-Language Reasoning via Iterative SFT-RL Cyclescited by 124
  9. 2025RedStar: Does Scaling Long-CoT Data Unlock Better Slow-Reasoning Systems?cited by 60
  10. 2025SRPO: Enhancing Multimodal LLM Reasoning via Reflection-Aware Reinforcement Learningcited by 57
  11. 2025Look-Back: Implicit Visual Re-focusing in MLLM Reasoningcited by 55
  12. 2025Embodied-Reasoner: Synergizing Visual Search, Reasoning, and Action for Embodied Interactive Taskscited by 44
38 more
  1. 2025MM-Verify: Enhancing Multimodal Reasoning with Chain-of-Thought Verificationcited by 39
  2. 2025Unlocking General Long Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Capabilities of Large Language Models via Representation Engineeringcited by 36
  3. 2025Scalable Chain of Thoughts via Elastic Reasoningcited by 34
  4. 2025Open Vision Reasoner: Transferring Linguistic Cognitive Behavior for Visual Reasoningcited by 34
  5. 2025Position: Multimodal Large Language Models Can Significantly Advance Scientific Reasoningcited by 33
  6. 2025MME-Reasoning: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Logical Reasoning in MLLMscited by 33
  7. 2025Boosting MLLM Reasoning with Text-Debiased Hint-GRPOcited by 32
  8. 2025100 Days After DeepSeek-R1: A Survey on Replication Studies and More Directions for Reasoning Language Modelscited by 30
  9. 2025AStar: Boosting Multimodal Reasoning with Automated Structured Thinkingcited by 25
  10. 2025video-SALMONN-o1: Reasoning-enhanced Audio-visual Large Language Modelcited by 24
  11. 2025MathAgent: Leveraging a Mixture-of-Math-Agent Framework for Real-World Multimodal Mathematical Error Detectioncited by 24
  12. 2025CMMCoT: Enhancing Complex Multi-Image Comprehension via Multi-Modal Chain-of-Thought and Memory Augmentationcited by 23
  13. 2025MIRAGE: Assessing Hallucination in Multimodal Reasoning Chains of MLLMcited by 17
  14. 2025LongPerceptualThoughts: Distilling System-2 Reasoning for System-1 Perceptioncited by 16
  15. 2025Improving Medical Reasoning with Curriculum-Aware Reinforcement Learningcited by 16
  16. 2025Generative AI Act II: Test Time Scaling Drives Cognition Engineeringcited by 15
  17. 2025GThinker: Towards General Multimodal Reasoning via Cue-Guided Rethinkingcited by 15
  18. 2025TempSamp-R1: Effective Temporal Sampling with Reinforcement Fine-Tuning for Video LLMscited by 15
  19. 2025Fact-R1: Towards Explainable Video Misinformation Detection with Deep Reasoningcited by 14
  20. 2025Reinforcement Fine-Tuning Powers Reasoning Capability of Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 14
  21. 2025Unveiling the Compositional Ability Gap in Vision-Language Reasoning Modelcited by 14
  22. 2025Activation Control for Efficiently Eliciting Long Chain-of-thought Ability of Language Modelscited by 13
  23. 2025Vision-G1: Towards General Vision Language Reasoning with Multi-Domain Data Curationcited by 13
  24. 2025HoneyBee: Data Recipes for Vision-Language Reasonerscited by 13
  25. 2025The Synergy Dilemma of Long-CoT SFT and RL: Investigating Post-Training Techniques for Reasoning VLMscited by 12
  26. 2026Towards Long-horizon Agentic Multimodal Searchcited by 11
  27. 2026Through the Lens of Contrast: Self-Improving Visual Reasoning in VLMscited by 10
  28. 2025Praxis-VLM: Vision-Grounded Decision Making via Text-Driven Reinforcement Learningcited by 9
  29. 2025Aurelia: Test-time Reasoning Distillation in Audio-Visual LLMscited by 9
  30. 2025Relation-R1: Progressively Cognitive Chain-of-Thought Guided Reinforcement Learning for Unified Relation Comprehensioncited by 9
  31. 2025VER-Bench: Evaluating MLLMs on Reasoning with Fine-Grained Visual Evidencecited by 9
  32. 2025OmniDrive-R1: Reinforcement-driven Interleaved Multi-modal Chain-of-Thought for Trustworthy Vision-Language Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
  33. 2025Semi-off-Policy Reinforcement Learning for Vision-Language Slow-Thinking Reasoningcited by 8
  34. 2025Revisiting the Necessity of Lengthy Chain-of-Thought in Vision-centric Reasoning Generalizationcited by 8
  35. 2025Mixture-of-Visual-Thoughts: Exploring Context-Adaptive Reasoning Mode Selection for General Visual Reasoningcited by 7
  36. 2026Addressing Overthinking in Large Vision-Language Models via Gated Perception-Reasoning Optimizationcited by 6
  37. 2025Socratic-MCTS: Test-Time Visual Reasoning by Asking the Right Questionscited by 5
  38. 2025L2V-CoT: Cross-Modal Transfer of Chain-of-Thought Reasoning via Latent Interventioncited by 5

50 most cited of 68 All 68 (JSON)

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  1. 2024AtomThink: Multimodal Slow Thinking with Atomic Step Reasoning
  2. 2025Can Atomic Step Decomposition Enhance the Self-structured Reasoning of Multimodal Large Models?
  3. 2026Balancing Efficiency and Efficacy: Training-Free Attention-Guided Switching Between Explicit and Latent Thoughts for MLLMs
  4. 2026Thinking Diffusion: Penalize and Guide Visual-Grounded Reasoning in Diffusion Multimodal Language Models
  5. 2024Insight-V: Exploring Long-Chain Visual Reasoning with Multimodal Large Language Models
  6. 2025A Survey of Slow Thinking-based Reasoning LLMs using Reinforced Learning and Inference-time Scaling Law
  7. 2026UniVLR: Unifying Text and Vision in Visual Latent Reasoning for Multimodal LLMs
  8. 2026SwimBird: Eliciting Switchable Reasoning Mode in Hybrid Autoregressive MLLMs