mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

OSCAR: Operating System Control via State-Aware Reasoning and Re-Planning

arXiv 2410.18963 ↗First posted 24 Oct 2024cs.AI cs.CLcited by 38

On the map: LLM reasoning → Multimodal reasoning

Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) and large multimodal models (LMMs) have shown great potential in automating complex tasks like web browsing and gaming. However, their ability to generalize across diverse applications remains limited, hindering broader utility. To address this challenge, we present OSCAR: Operating System Control via state-Aware reasoning and Re-planning. OSCAR is a generalist agent designed to autonomously navigate and interact with various desktop and mobile applications through standardized controls, such as mouse and keyboard inputs, while processing screen images to fulfill user commands. OSCAR translates human instructions into executable Python code, enabling precise control over graphical user interfaces (GUIs). To enhance stability and adaptability, OSCAR operates as a state machine, equipped with error-handling mechanisms and dynamic task re-planning, allowing it to efficiently adjust to real-time feedback and exceptions. We demonstrate OSCAR's effectiveness through extensive experiments on diverse benchmarks across desktop and mobile platforms, where it transforms complex workflows into simple natural language commands, significantly boosting user productivity. Our code will be open-source upon publication.

Key facts. Cited by 38 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Multimodal reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 70 of its 86 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Oct 2024.

Builds on

70 of 86 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024Large Multimodal Agents: A Survey23 Feb

Other references · 69

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
  2. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  3. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
  4. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
  5. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,695
  6. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
  7. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,869
  8. 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,137
  9. 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,512
  10. 2023Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learningcited by 4,276
  11. 2023Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedbackcited by 3,442
  12. 2024Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of contextcited by 3,224
38 more
  1. 2023RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Controlcited by 3,080
  2. 2023G-Eval: NLG Evaluation using GPT-4 with Better Human Alignmentcited by 2,276
  3. 2023A Survey on Large Language Model based Autonomous Agentscited by 2,242
  4. 2023Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Modelscited by 2,191
  5. 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,071
  6. 2022Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language modelscited by 1,998
  7. 2023MetaGPT: Meta Programming for A Multi-Agent Collaborative Frameworkcited by 1,808
  8. 2022WebShop: Towards Scalable Real-World Web Interaction with Grounded Language Agentscited by 1,251
  9. 2023Mind2Web: Towards a Generalist Agent for the Webcited by 1,242
  10. 2024OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environmentscited by 1,195
  11. 2023GAIA: a benchmark for General AI Assistantscited by 1,128
  12. 2023ChatDev: Communicative Agents for Software Developmentcited by 919
  13. 2022A Generalist Agentcited by 808
  14. 2023CogAgent: A Visual Language Model for GUI Agentscited by 704
  15. 2024SeeClick: Harnessing GUI Grounding for Advanced Visual GUI Agentscited by 567
  16. 2024GPT-4V(ision) is a Generalist Web Agent, if Groundedcited by 563
  17. 2023Plan-and-Solve Prompting: Improving Zero-Shot Chain-of-Thought Reasoning by Large Language Modelscited by 560
  18. 2022MineDojo: Building Open-Ended Embodied Agents with Internet-Scale Knowledgecited by 478
  19. 2024AndroidWorld: A Dynamic Benchmarking Environment for Autonomous Agentscited by 468
  20. 2023AppAgent: Multimodal Agents as Smartphone Userscited by 415
  21. 2023Describe, Explain, Plan and Select: Interactive Planning with Large Language Models Enables Open-World Multi-Task Agentscited by 398
  22. 2023A Real-World WebAgent with Planning, Long Context Understanding, and Program Synthesiscited by 353
  23. 2023Android in the Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset for Android Device Controlcited by 319
  24. 2023Set-of-Mark Prompting Unleashes Extraordinary Visual Grounding in GPT-4Vcited by 299
  25. 2024Mobile-Agent: Autonomous Multi-Modal Mobile Device Agent with Visual Perceptioncited by 293
  26. 2023GPT4Tools: Teaching Large Language Model to Use Tools via Self-instructioncited by 248
  27. 2023InterCode: Standardizing and Benchmarking Interactive Coding with Execution Feedbackcited by 238
  28. 2024OS-Copilot: Towards Generalist Computer Agents with Self-Improvementcited by 205
  29. 2023LLaVA-Plus: Learning to Use Tools for Creating Multimodal Agentscited by 193
  30. 2023You Only Look at Screens: Multimodal Chain-of-Action Agentscited by 185
  31. 2023ReWOO: Decoupling Reasoning from Observations for Efficient Augmented Language Modelscited by 184
  32. 2024Ferret-UI: Grounded Mobile UI Understanding with Multimodal LLMscited by 176
  33. 2023JARVIS-1: Open-World Multi-task Agents with Memory-Augmented Multimodal Language Modelscited by 171
  34. 2024UFO: A UI-Focused Agent for Windows OS Interactioncited by 148
  35. 2023OpenAgents: An Open Platform for Language Agents in the Wildcited by 137
  36. 2024DS-Agent: Automated Data Science by Empowering Large Language Models with Case-Based Reasoningcited by 125
  37. 2024Meta-Prompting: Enhancing Language Models with Task-Agnostic Scaffoldingcited by 117
  38. 2024GUICourse: From General Vision Language Models to Versatile GUI Agentscited by 114

50 most cited of 69 All 69 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 24; 2026: 13.

38 papers.

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  1. 2025UI-TARS: Pioneering Automated GUI Interaction with Native Agentscited by 610
  2. 2024Large Language Model-Brained GUI Agents: A Surveycited by 162
  3. 2025Agent S2: A Compositional Generalist-Specialist Framework for Computer Use Agentscited by 159
  4. 2025Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systemscited by 126
  5. 2025A Survey of WebAgents: Towards Next-Generation AI Agents for Web Automation with Large Foundation Modelscited by 87
  6. 2026A Survey of Agentic Reasoning for Large Language Models: Towards Recursively Self-Improving and Collective Agentscited by 50
  7. 2025PC-Agent: A Hierarchical Multi-Agent Collaboration Framework for Complex Task Automation on PCcited by 40
  8. 2025Large Language Models for Planning: A Comprehensive and Systematic Surveycited by 40
  9. 2025OS Agents: A Survey on MLLM-based Agents for General Computing Devices Usecited by 35
  10. 2025Towards Trustworthy GUI Agents: A Surveycited by 34
  11. 2025System-1.5 Reasoning: Traversal in Language and Latent Spaces with Dynamic Shortcutscited by 27
  12. 2025MagicGUI: A Foundational Mobile GUI Agent with Scalable Data Pipeline and Reinforcement Fine-tuningcited by 19
26 more
  1. 2025Towards LLM Agents for Earth Observationcited by 17
  2. 2025AppVLM: A Lightweight Vision Language Model for Online App Controlcited by 15
  3. 2025R3Mem: Bridging Memory Retention and Retrieval via Reversible Compressioncited by 12
  4. 2025AdInject: Real-World Black-Box Attacks on Web Agents via Advertising Deliverycited by 10
  5. 2025Fundamentals of Building Autonomous LLM Agentscited by 8
  6. 2026FlowSteer: Prompt-Only Workflow Steering Exposes Planning-Time Vulnerabilities in Multi-Agent LLM Systemscited by 7
  7. 2025PEAR: Planner-Executor Agent Robustness Benchmarkcited by 5
  8. 2025Permission Manifests for Web Agentscited by 5
  9. 2025LiteCUA: Computer as MCP Server for Computer-Use Agent on AIOScited by 4
  10. 2025GUI-Rise: Structured Reasoning and History Summarization for GUI Navigationcited by 4
  11. 2026SE-GA: Memory-Augmented Self-Evolution for GUI Agentscited by 4
  12. 2025FURINA: A Fully Customizable Role-Playing Benchmark via Scalable Multi-Agent Collaboration Pipelinecited by 3
  13. 2025The Stackelberg Speaker: Optimizing Persuasive Communication in Social Deduction Gamescited by 3
  14. 2026Mem-π: Adaptive Memory through Learning When and What to Generatecited by 3
  15. 2026PANDO: Efficient Multimodal AI Agents via Online Skill Distillationcited by 2
  16. 2025UI-Evol: Automatic Knowledge Evolving for Computer Use Agentscited by 1
  17. 2026BEAP-Agent: Backtrackable Execution and Adaptive Planning for GUI Agentscited by 1
  18. 2026Software Engineering for and with GUI Agentcited by 1
  19. 2025IndoorWorld: Integrating Physical Task Solving and Social Simulation in A Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Environmentcited by 0
  20. 2025Succeed or Learn Slowly: Sample Efficient Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning for Mobile App Controlcited by 0
  21. 2026RunAgent SuperBrowser: A Theory of Autonomous Web Navigation Grounded in Human Browsing Behaviourcited by 0
  22. 2026Training the Orchestrator: A Supervised Approach to End-to-End PDDL Planning with LLM Agentscited by 0
  23. 2026CaM-Wolf: Causal-Aware Multimodal Agents for Social Deduction Gamescited by 0
  24. 2026LatentHarness: Learning Latent Actions for Memory and Reasoning via Counterfactual Policy Distillationcited by 0
  25. 2026MemCodex: Self-Programming Hierarchical Memory for Language Agentscited by 0
  26. 2026What Makes a Social Agent's Interactions Effective? Learning from Verifiable Outcomes in Paired Worldscited by 0

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