AMONGAGENTS: Evaluating Large Language Models in the Interactive Text-Based Social Deduction Game
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Abstract (arXiv)
Strategic social deduction games serve as valuable testbeds for evaluating the understanding and inference skills of language models, offering crucial insights into social science, artificial intelligence, and strategic gaming. This paper focuses on creating proxies of human behavior in simulated environments, with Among Us utilized as a tool for studying simulated human behavior. The study introduces a text-based game environment, named AmongAgents, that mirrors the dynamics of Among Us. Players act as crew members aboard a spaceship, tasked with identifying impostors who are sabotaging the ship and eliminating the crew. Within this environment, the behavior of simulated language agents is analyzed. The experiments involve diverse game sequences featuring different configurations of Crewmates and Impostor personality archetypes. Our work demonstrates that state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) can effectively grasp the game rules and make decisions based on the current context. This work aims to promote further exploration of LLMs in goal-oriented games with incomplete information and complex action spaces, as these settings offer valuable opportunities to assess language model performance in socially driven scenarios.
Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 21 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Jul 2024.
Builds on
12 of 21 references.
References · 12
- 2023Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4cited by 2,579
- 2018World Modelscited by 1,444
- 2023Character-LLM: A Trainable Agent for Role-Playingcited by 335
- 2023Exploring Large Language Models for Communication Games: An Empirical Study on Werewolfcited by 238
- 2023Clever Hans or Neural Theory of Mind? Stress Testing Social Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 161
- 2023Language Agents with Reinforcement Learning for Strategic Play in the Werewolf Gamecited by 148
- 2023War and Peace (WarAgent): Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Simulation of World Warscited by 143
- 2023MetaAgents: Large Language Model Based Agents for Decision-Making on Teamingcited by 85
- 2022Mastering the Game of No-Press Diplomacy via Human-Regularized Reinforcement Learning and Planningcited by 47
- 2023Welfare Diplomacy: Benchmarking Language Model Cooperationcited by 43
- 2023Deciphering Digital Detectives: Understanding LLM Behaviors and Capabilities in Multi-Agent Mystery Gamescited by 29
- 2023Cooperation on the Fly: Exploring Language Agents for Ad Hoc Teamwork in the Avalon Gamecited by 27
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 13; 2026: 10.
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- 2024From Individual to Society: A Survey on Social Simulation Driven by Large Language Model-based Agentscited by 76
- 2025Among Us: A Sandbox for Measuring and Detecting Agentic Deceptioncited by 24
- 2024A Survey on Large Language Model-Based Social Agents in Game-Theoretic Scenarioscited by 23
- 2025Towards a Design Guideline for RPA Evaluation: A Survey of Large Language Model-Based Role-Playing Agentscited by 22
- 2024Lies, Damned Lies, and Distributional Language Statistics: Persuasion and Deception with Large Language Modelscited by 14
- 2025WOLF: Werewolf-based Observations for LLM Deception and Falsehoodscited by 13
- 2025Multi-agent KTO: Reinforcing Strategic Interactions of Large Language Model in Language Gamecited by 10
- 2025Beyond Survival: Evaluating LLMs in Social Deduction Games with Human-Aligned Strategiescited by 9
- 2025Among Them: A game-based framework for assessing persuasion capabilities of LLMscited by 7
- 2025DVM: Towards Controllable LLM Agents in Social Deduction Gamescited by 6
- 2025Beyond Prompt-Induced Lies: Investigating LLM Deception on Benign Promptscited by 5
- 2025Vox Deorum: A Hybrid LLM Architecture for 4X / Grand Strategy Game AI -- Lessons from Civilization Vcited by 4
14 more
- 2026QUACK: Questioning, Understanding, and Auditing Communicated Knowledge in Multimodal Social Deduction Agentscited by 3
- 2025PRISON: Unmasking the Criminal Potential of Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025InMind: Evaluating LLMs in Capturing and Applying Individual Human Reasoning Stylescited by 2
- 2025Shall We Play a Game? Language Models for Open-ended Wargamescited by 1
- 2026How Clued up are LLMs? Evaluating Multi-Step Deductive Reasoning in a Text-Based Game Environmentcited by 1
- 2025CSP4SDG: Constraint and Information-Theory Based Role Identification in Social Deduction Games with LLM-Enhanced Inferencecited by 0
- 2026Multicultural Spyfall: Assessing LLMs through Dynamic Multilingual Social Deduction Gamecited by 0
- 2026From Feelings to Metrics: Understanding and Formalizing How Users Vibe-Test LLMscited by 0
- 2026SocialGrid: A Benchmark for Planning and Social Reasoning in Embodied Multi-Agent Systemscited by 0
- 2026Triadic Werewolf: A Jester Role for Multi-Hop Theory of Mind in LLMscited by 0
- 2026Even More Deception: Objective Misalignment in Mixed-Motive LLM Multi-Agent Systemscited by 0
- 2026Can Agents Deceive? Evaluating Reasoning and Deception in ParliamentBench using a Social Deduction Gamecited by 0
- 2026Lies We Can See: Joint Verbal and Non-Verbal Deception by VLM Agents in Embodied Social Interactionscited by 0
- 2026Clueing up LLMs with Tool-Augmented Deductive Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026Clueing up LLMs with Tool-Augmented Deductive Reasoning16 Sep 2026
- 2026Lies We Can See: Joint Verbal and Non-Verbal Deception by VLM Agents in Embodied Social Interactions31 Aug 2026
- 2026Can Agents Deceive? Evaluating Reasoning and Deception in ParliamentBench using a Social Deduction Game30 Jul 2026
- 2026Even More Deception: Objective Misalignment in Mixed-Motive LLM Multi-Agent Systems28 Jul 2026
- 2026Triadic Werewolf: A Jester Role for Multi-Hop Theory of Mind in LLMs26 Jun 2026
- 2026QUACK: Questioning, Understanding, and Auditing Communicated Knowledge in Multimodal Social Deduction Agents26 May 2026
- 2026SocialGrid: A Benchmark for Planning and Social Reasoning in Embodied Multi-Agent Systems17 Apr 2026
- 2026From Feelings to Metrics: Understanding and Formalizing How Users Vibe-Test LLMs15 Apr 2026
- 2026How Clued up are LLMs? Evaluating Multi-Step Deductive Reasoning in a Text-Based Game Environment17 Mar 2026
- 2026Multicultural Spyfall: Assessing LLMs through Dynamic Multilingual Social Deduction Game13 Jan 2026
- 2025Vox Deorum: A Hybrid LLM Architecture for 4X / Grand Strategy Game AI -- Lessons from Civilization V21 Dec 2025
- 2025WOLF: Werewolf-based Observations for LLM Deception and Falsehoods9 Dec 2025
14 more
- 2025CSP4SDG: Constraint and Information-Theory Based Role Identification in Social Deduction Games with LLM-Enhanced Inference9 Nov 2025
- 2025Beyond Survival: Evaluating LLMs in Social Deduction Games with Human-Aligned Strategies13 Oct 2025
- 2025Shall We Play a Game? Language Models for Open-ended Wargames21 Sep 2025
- 2025InMind: Evaluating LLMs in Capturing and Applying Individual Human Reasoning Styles22 Aug 2025
- 2025Beyond Prompt-Induced Lies: Investigating LLM Deception on Benign Prompts8 Aug 2025
- 2025PRISON: Unmasking the Criminal Potential of Large Language Models19 Jun 2025
- 2025Among Us: A Sandbox for Measuring and Detecting Agentic Deception5 Apr 2025
- 2025Among Them: A game-based framework for assessing persuasion capabilities of LLMs27 Feb 2025
- 2025Towards a Design Guideline for RPA Evaluation: A Survey of Large Language Model-Based Role-Playing Agents18 Feb 2025
- 2025Multi-agent KTO: Reinforcing Strategic Interactions of Large Language Model in Language Game24 Jan 2025
- 2025DVM: Towards Controllable LLM Agents in Social Deduction Games12 Jan 2025
- 2024Lies, Damned Lies, and Distributional Language Statistics: Persuasion and Deception with Large Language Models22 Dec 2024
- 2024A Survey on Large Language Model-Based Social Agents in Game-Theoretic Scenarios5 Dec 2024
- 2024From Individual to Society: A Survey on Social Simulation Driven by Large Language Model-based Agents4 Dec 2024
- 2024From Individual to Society: A Survey on Social Simulation Driven by Large Language Model-based Agentscited by 76
- 2025Among Us: A Sandbox for Measuring and Detecting Agentic Deceptioncited by 24
- 2024A Survey on Large Language Model-Based Social Agents in Game-Theoretic Scenarioscited by 23
- 2025Towards a Design Guideline for RPA Evaluation: A Survey of Large Language Model-Based Role-Playing Agentscited by 22
- 2025Multi-agent KTO: Reinforcing Strategic Interactions of Large Language Model in Language Gamecited by 10
- 2025DVM: Towards Controllable LLM Agents in Social Deduction Gamescited by 6
- 2026QUACK: Questioning, Understanding, and Auditing Communicated Knowledge in Multimodal Social Deduction Agentscited by 3
- 2026Even More Deception: Objective Misalignment in Mixed-Motive LLM Multi-Agent Systemscited by 0
- 2026Lies We Can See: Joint Verbal and Non-Verbal Deception by VLM Agents in Embodied Social Interactionscited by 0
- 2026Lies We Can See: Joint Verbal and Non-Verbal Deception by VLM Agents in Embodied Social Interactions31 Aug 2026
- 2026Even More Deception: Objective Misalignment in Mixed-Motive LLM Multi-Agent Systems28 Jul 2026
- 2026QUACK: Questioning, Understanding, and Auditing Communicated Knowledge in Multimodal Social Deduction Agents26 May 2026
- 2025Among Us: A Sandbox for Measuring and Detecting Agentic Deception5 Apr 2025
- 2025Towards a Design Guideline for RPA Evaluation: A Survey of Large Language Model-Based Role-Playing Agents18 Feb 2025
- 2025Multi-agent KTO: Reinforcing Strategic Interactions of Large Language Model in Language Game24 Jan 2025
- 2025DVM: Towards Controllable LLM Agents in Social Deduction Games12 Jan 2025
- 2024A Survey on Large Language Model-Based Social Agents in Game-Theoretic Scenarios5 Dec 2024
- 2024From Individual to Society: A Survey on Social Simulation Driven by Large Language Model-based Agents4 Dec 2024
- 2025Beyond Prompt-Induced Lies: Investigating LLM Deception on Benign Promptscited by 5
- 2025InMind: Evaluating LLMs in Capturing and Applying Individual Human Reasoning Stylescited by 2
- 2026How Clued up are LLMs? Evaluating Multi-Step Deductive Reasoning in a Text-Based Game Environmentcited by 1
- 2026SocialGrid: A Benchmark for Planning and Social Reasoning in Embodied Multi-Agent Systemscited by 0
- 2026Can Agents Deceive? Evaluating Reasoning and Deception in ParliamentBench using a Social Deduction Gamecited by 0
- 2026Clueing up LLMs with Tool-Augmented Deductive Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026Clueing up LLMs with Tool-Augmented Deductive Reasoning16 Sep 2026
- 2026Can Agents Deceive? Evaluating Reasoning and Deception in ParliamentBench using a Social Deduction Game30 Jul 2026
- 2026SocialGrid: A Benchmark for Planning and Social Reasoning in Embodied Multi-Agent Systems17 Apr 2026
- 2026How Clued up are LLMs? Evaluating Multi-Step Deductive Reasoning in a Text-Based Game Environment17 Mar 2026
- 2025InMind: Evaluating LLMs in Capturing and Applying Individual Human Reasoning Styles22 Aug 2025
- 2025Beyond Prompt-Induced Lies: Investigating LLM Deception on Benign Prompts8 Aug 2025
- 2024Lies, Damned Lies, and Distributional Language Statistics: Persuasion and Deception with Large Language Modelscited by 14
- 2025WOLF: Werewolf-based Observations for LLM Deception and Falsehoodscited by 13
- 2025Beyond Survival: Evaluating LLMs in Social Deduction Games with Human-Aligned Strategiescited by 9
- 2025Among Them: A game-based framework for assessing persuasion capabilities of LLMscited by 7
- 2025Vox Deorum: A Hybrid LLM Architecture for 4X / Grand Strategy Game AI -- Lessons from Civilization Vcited by 4
- 2025PRISON: Unmasking the Criminal Potential of Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025Shall We Play a Game? Language Models for Open-ended Wargamescited by 1
- 2025CSP4SDG: Constraint and Information-Theory Based Role Identification in Social Deduction Games with LLM-Enhanced Inferencecited by 0
- 2026Multicultural Spyfall: Assessing LLMs through Dynamic Multilingual Social Deduction Gamecited by 0
- 2026From Feelings to Metrics: Understanding and Formalizing How Users Vibe-Test LLMscited by 0
- 2026Triadic Werewolf: A Jester Role for Multi-Hop Theory of Mind in LLMscited by 0
- 2026Triadic Werewolf: A Jester Role for Multi-Hop Theory of Mind in LLMs26 Jun 2026
- 2026From Feelings to Metrics: Understanding and Formalizing How Users Vibe-Test LLMs15 Apr 2026
- 2026Multicultural Spyfall: Assessing LLMs through Dynamic Multilingual Social Deduction Game13 Jan 2026
- 2025Vox Deorum: A Hybrid LLM Architecture for 4X / Grand Strategy Game AI -- Lessons from Civilization V21 Dec 2025
- 2025WOLF: Werewolf-based Observations for LLM Deception and Falsehoods9 Dec 2025
- 2025CSP4SDG: Constraint and Information-Theory Based Role Identification in Social Deduction Games with LLM-Enhanced Inference9 Nov 2025
- 2025Beyond Survival: Evaluating LLMs in Social Deduction Games with Human-Aligned Strategies13 Oct 2025
- 2025Shall We Play a Game? Language Models for Open-ended Wargames21 Sep 2025
- 2025PRISON: Unmasking the Criminal Potential of Large Language Models19 Jun 2025
- 2025Among Them: A game-based framework for assessing persuasion capabilities of LLMs27 Feb 2025
- 2024Lies, Damned Lies, and Distributional Language Statistics: Persuasion and Deception with Large Language Models22 Dec 2024