MobileFlow: A Multimodal LLM For Mobile GUI Agent
On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → Embodied and 3D vision-language models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Currently, the integration of mobile Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) is ubiquitous in most people's daily lives. And the ongoing evolution of multimodal large-scale models, such as GPT-4v, Qwen-VL-Max, has significantly bolstered the capabilities of GUI comprehension and user action analysis, showcasing the potentiality of intelligent GUI assistants. However, current GUI Agents often need to access page layout information through calling system APIs, which may pose privacy risks. Fixing GUI (such as mobile interfaces) to a certain low resolution might result in the loss of fine-grained image details. At the same time, the multimodal large models built for GUI Agents currently have poor understanding and decision-making abilities for Chinese GUI interfaces, making them difficult to apply to a large number of Chinese apps. This paper introduces MobileFlow, a multimodal large language model meticulously crafted for mobile GUI agents. Transforming from the open-source model Qwen-VL-Chat into GUI domain, MobileFlow contains approximately 21 billion parameters and is equipped with novel hybrid visual encoders, making it possible for variable resolutions of image inputs and good support for multilingual GUI. By incorporating Mixture of Experts (MoE) expansions and pioneering alignment training strategies, MobileFlow has the capacity to fully interpret image data and comprehend user instructions for GUI interaction tasks. Finally, MobileFlow outperforms Qwen-VL-Max and GPT-4v in terms of task execution by GUI agents on both public and our proposed evaluation metrics, and has been successfully deployed in real-world business contexts, proving its effectiveness for practical applications.
Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Embodied and 3D vision-language models, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 18 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Jul 2024.
Builds on
18 of 22 references.
Closest ancestors · 2
Same direction, newest first
- 2024Ferret-UI: Grounded Mobile UI Understanding with Multimodal LLMs8 Apr
- 2023CogAgent: A Visual Language Model for GUI Agents14 Dec
Other references · 16
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
- 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,869
- 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,137
- 2023Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 4,418
- 2023Sigmoid Loss for Language Image Pre-Trainingcited by 3,109
- 2023MiniGPT-4: Enhancing Vision-Language Understanding with Advanced Large Language Modelscited by 2,711
- 2021BEiT: BERT Pre-Training of Image Transformerscited by 2,375
- 2015Flickr30k Entities: Collecting Region-to-Phrase Correspondences for Richer Image-to-Sentence Modelscited by 1,362
- 2021CogView: Mastering Text-to-Image Generation via Transformerscited by 694
- 2024DeepSeek LLM: Scaling Open-Source Language Models with Longtermismcited by 642
4 more
- 2023Ferret: Refer and Ground Anything Anywhere at Any Granularitycited by 509
- 2022LayoutLMv3: Pre-training for Document AI with Unified Text and Image Maskingcited by 485
- 2023AppAgent: Multimodal Agents as Smartphone Userscited by 415
- 2024Mobile-Agent: Autonomous Multi-Modal Mobile Device Agent with Visual Perceptioncited by 293
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 20; 2026: 7.
32 papers.
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- 2025Mobile-Agent-v3: Fundamental Agents for GUI Automationcited by 190
- 2024Large Language Model-Brained GUI Agents: A Surveycited by 162
- 2025Lifelong Learning of Large Language Model based Agents: A Roadmapcited by 83
- 2025InfiGUIAgent: A Multimodal Generalist GUI Agent with Native Reasoning and Reflectioncited by 67
- 2025A Survey on (M)LLM-Based GUI Agentscited by 62
- 2024Ferret-UI 2: Mastering Universal User Interface Understanding Across Platformscited by 51
- 2025OS Agents: A Survey on MLLM-based Agents for General Computing Devices Usecited by 35
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey of Agents for Computer Use: Foundations, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 34
- 2025A Survey of Large Language Model Empowered Agents for Recommendation and Search: Towards Next-Generation Information Retrievalcited by 33
- 2025LLM-Powered GUI Agents in Phone Automation: Surveying Progress and Prospectscited by 32
- 2025Mobile-Bench-v2: A More Realistic and Comprehensive Benchmark for VLM-based Mobile Agentscited by 16
- 2024MobA: Multifaceted Memory-Enhanced Adaptive Planning for Efficient Mobile Task Automationcited by 14
20 more
- 2024Attention-driven GUI Grounding: Leveraging Pretrained Multimodal Large Language Models without Fine-Tuningcited by 14
- 2025AutoEval: A Practical Framework for Autonomous Evaluation of Mobile Agentscited by 9
- 2025MobileIPL: Enhancing Mobile Agents Thinking Process via Iterative Preference Learningcited by 9
- 2025Beyond Pipelines: A Survey of the Paradigm Shift toward Model-Native Agentic AIcited by 8
- 2026Quantifying Trust: Financial Risk Management for Trustworthy AI Agentscited by 8
- 2026AmbiBench: Benchmarking Mobile GUI Agents Beyond One-Shot Instructions in the Wildcited by 7
- 2024MageBench: Bridging Large Multimodal Models to Agentscited by 6
- 2025CRAFT-GUI: Curriculum-Reinforced Agent For GUI Taskscited by 6
- 2025Environmental Injection Attacks against GUI Agents in Realistic Dynamic Environmentscited by 6
- 2025AndroidControl-Curated: Revealing the True Potential of GUI Agents through Benchmark Purificationcited by 6
- 2025BTL-UI: Blink-Think-Link Reasoning Model for GUI Agentcited by 5
- 2026FineState-Bench: Benchmarking State-Conditioned Grounding for Fine-grained GUI State Settingcited by 5
- 2025DeskVision: Large Scale Desktop Region Captioning for Advanced GUI Agentscited by 4
- 2025FedMABench: Benchmarking Mobile Agents on Decentralized Heterogeneous User Datacited by 3
- 2026HalluClear: Diagnosing, Evaluating and Mitigating Hallucinations in GUI Agentscited by 3
- 2026GAIA: A Data Flywheel System for Training GUI Test-Time Scaling Critic Modelscited by 2
- 2025A Multimodal GUI Architecture for Interfacing with LLM-Based Conversational Assistantscited by 1
- 2026Software Engineering for and with GUI Agentcited by 1
- 2025GAIR: GUI Automation via Information-Joint Reasoning and Group Reflectioncited by 0
- 2026SchemaWeaver: Accelerating On-Device Mobile Agentic AI via Schema-Guided Parallel LLM Decodingcited by 0
- 2026SchemaWeaver: Accelerating On-Device Mobile Agentic AI via Schema-Guided Parallel LLM Decoding12 Oct 2026
- 2026Software Engineering for and with GUI Agent10 Aug 2026
- 2026FineState-Bench: Benchmarking State-Conditioned Grounding for Fine-grained GUI State Setting30 Apr 2026
- 2026HalluClear: Diagnosing, Evaluating and Mitigating Hallucinations in GUI Agents19 Apr 2026
- 2026Quantifying Trust: Financial Risk Management for Trustworthy AI Agents5 Apr 2026
- 2026AmbiBench: Benchmarking Mobile GUI Agents Beyond One-Shot Instructions in the Wild12 Feb 2026
- 2026GAIA: A Data Flywheel System for Training GUI Test-Time Scaling Critic Models26 Jan 2026
- 2025GAIR: GUI Automation via Information-Joint Reasoning and Group Reflection10 Dec 2025
- 2025AndroidControl-Curated: Revealing the True Potential of GUI Agents through Benchmark Purification21 Oct 2025
- 2025Beyond Pipelines: A Survey of the Paradigm Shift toward Model-Native Agentic AI19 Oct 2025
- 2025BTL-UI: Blink-Think-Link Reasoning Model for GUI Agent19 Sep 2025
- 2025Environmental Injection Attacks against GUI Agents in Realistic Dynamic Environments14 Sep 2025
20 more
- 2025A Multimodal GUI Architecture for Interfacing with LLM-Based Conversational Assistants31 Aug 2025
- 2025Mobile-Agent-v3: Fundamental Agents for GUI Automation21 Aug 2025
- 2025CRAFT-GUI: Curriculum-Reinforced Agent For GUI Tasks15 Aug 2025
- 2025OS Agents: A Survey on MLLM-based Agents for General Computing Devices Use6 Aug 2025
- 2025MobileIPL: Enhancing Mobile Agents Thinking Process via Iterative Preference Learning18 May 2025
- 2025Mobile-Bench-v2: A More Realistic and Comprehensive Benchmark for VLM-based Mobile Agents17 May 2025
- 2025LLM-Powered GUI Agents in Phone Automation: Surveying Progress and Prospects28 Apr 2025
- 2025A Survey on (M)LLM-Based GUI Agents27 Mar 2025
- 2025DeskVision: Large Scale Desktop Region Captioning for Advanced GUI Agents14 Mar 2025
- 2025A Survey of Large Language Model Empowered Agents for Recommendation and Search: Towards Next-Generation Information Retrieval7 Mar 2025
- 2025FedMABench: Benchmarking Mobile Agents on Decentralized Heterogeneous User Data7 Mar 2025
- 2025AutoEval: A Practical Framework for Autonomous Evaluation of Mobile Agents4 Mar 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey of Agents for Computer Use: Foundations, Challenges, and Future Directions27 Jan 2025
- 2025Lifelong Learning of Large Language Model based Agents: A Roadmap13 Jan 2025
- 2025InfiGUIAgent: A Multimodal Generalist GUI Agent with Native Reasoning and Reflection8 Jan 2025
- 2024Attention-driven GUI Grounding: Leveraging Pretrained Multimodal Large Language Models without Fine-Tuning14 Dec 2024
- 2024MageBench: Bridging Large Multimodal Models to Agents5 Dec 2024
- 2024Large Language Model-Brained GUI Agents: A Survey27 Nov 2024
- 2024Ferret-UI 2: Mastering Universal User Interface Understanding Across Platforms24 Oct 2024
- 2024MobA: Multifaceted Memory-Enhanced Adaptive Planning for Efficient Mobile Task Automation17 Oct 2024
- 2025Mobile-Agent-v3: Fundamental Agents for GUI Automationcited by 190
- 2024Large Language Model-Brained GUI Agents: A Surveycited by 162
- 2025Lifelong Learning of Large Language Model based Agents: A Roadmapcited by 83
- 2025A Survey on (M)LLM-Based GUI Agentscited by 62
- 2025OS Agents: A Survey on MLLM-based Agents for General Computing Devices Usecited by 35
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey of Agents for Computer Use: Foundations, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 34
- 2025A Survey of Large Language Model Empowered Agents for Recommendation and Search: Towards Next-Generation Information Retrievalcited by 33
- 2025LLM-Powered GUI Agents in Phone Automation: Surveying Progress and Prospectscited by 32
- 2025Mobile-Bench-v2: A More Realistic and Comprehensive Benchmark for VLM-based Mobile Agentscited by 16
- 2025AutoEval: A Practical Framework for Autonomous Evaluation of Mobile Agentscited by 9
- 2025Beyond Pipelines: A Survey of the Paradigm Shift toward Model-Native Agentic AIcited by 8
- 2026AmbiBench: Benchmarking Mobile GUI Agents Beyond One-Shot Instructions in the Wildcited by 7
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2026SchemaWeaver: Accelerating On-Device Mobile Agentic AI via Schema-Guided Parallel LLM Decoding12 Oct 2026
- 2026Software Engineering for and with GUI Agent10 Aug 2026
- 2026HalluClear: Diagnosing, Evaluating and Mitigating Hallucinations in GUI Agents19 Apr 2026
- 2026AmbiBench: Benchmarking Mobile GUI Agents Beyond One-Shot Instructions in the Wild12 Feb 2026
- 2025AndroidControl-Curated: Revealing the True Potential of GUI Agents through Benchmark Purification21 Oct 2025
- 2025Beyond Pipelines: A Survey of the Paradigm Shift toward Model-Native Agentic AI19 Oct 2025
- 2025Environmental Injection Attacks against GUI Agents in Realistic Dynamic Environments14 Sep 2025
- 2025Mobile-Agent-v3: Fundamental Agents for GUI Automation21 Aug 2025
- 2025OS Agents: A Survey on MLLM-based Agents for General Computing Devices Use6 Aug 2025
- 2025Mobile-Bench-v2: A More Realistic and Comprehensive Benchmark for VLM-based Mobile Agents17 May 2025
- 2025LLM-Powered GUI Agents in Phone Automation: Surveying Progress and Prospects28 Apr 2025
- 2025A Survey on (M)LLM-Based GUI Agents27 Mar 2025
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2025InfiGUIAgent: A Multimodal Generalist GUI Agent with Native Reasoning and Reflectioncited by 67
- 2025MobileIPL: Enhancing Mobile Agents Thinking Process via Iterative Preference Learningcited by 9
- 2025BTL-UI: Blink-Think-Link Reasoning Model for GUI Agentcited by 5
- 2026GAIA: A Data Flywheel System for Training GUI Test-Time Scaling Critic Modelscited by 2
- 2025GAIR: GUI Automation via Information-Joint Reasoning and Group Reflectioncited by 0
- 2026GAIA: A Data Flywheel System for Training GUI Test-Time Scaling Critic Models26 Jan 2026
- 2025GAIR: GUI Automation via Information-Joint Reasoning and Group Reflection10 Dec 2025
- 2025BTL-UI: Blink-Think-Link Reasoning Model for GUI Agent19 Sep 2025
- 2025MobileIPL: Enhancing Mobile Agents Thinking Process via Iterative Preference Learning18 May 2025
- 2025InfiGUIAgent: A Multimodal Generalist GUI Agent with Native Reasoning and Reflection8 Jan 2025
- 2024Ferret-UI 2: Mastering Universal User Interface Understanding Across Platformscited by 51
- 2024MobA: Multifaceted Memory-Enhanced Adaptive Planning for Efficient Mobile Task Automationcited by 14
- 2026Quantifying Trust: Financial Risk Management for Trustworthy AI Agentscited by 8
- 2025CRAFT-GUI: Curriculum-Reinforced Agent For GUI Taskscited by 6
- 2025DeskVision: Large Scale Desktop Region Captioning for Advanced GUI Agentscited by 4
- 2025A Multimodal GUI Architecture for Interfacing with LLM-Based Conversational Assistantscited by 1
- 2026Quantifying Trust: Financial Risk Management for Trustworthy AI Agents5 Apr 2026
- 2025A Multimodal GUI Architecture for Interfacing with LLM-Based Conversational Assistants31 Aug 2025
- 2025CRAFT-GUI: Curriculum-Reinforced Agent For GUI Tasks15 Aug 2025
- 2025DeskVision: Large Scale Desktop Region Captioning for Advanced GUI Agents14 Mar 2025
- 2024Ferret-UI 2: Mastering Universal User Interface Understanding Across Platforms24 Oct 2024
- 2024MobA: Multifaceted Memory-Enhanced Adaptive Planning for Efficient Mobile Task Automation17 Oct 2024
Similar, not cited
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- 2023Mobile-Env: Building Qualified Evaluation Benchmarks for LLM-GUI Interaction
- 2024MobileViews: A Million-scale and Diverse Mobile GUI Dataset
- 2026GUI-CEval: A Hierarchical and Comprehensive Chinese Benchmark for Mobile GUI Agents
- 2024Systematic Categorization, Construction and Evaluation of New Attacks against Multi-modal Mobile GUI Agents
- 2026Xiaomi-GUI-0 Technical Report
- 2024GUI-World: A Video Benchmark and Dataset for Multimodal GUI-oriented Understanding
- 2024MobileVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Better Intra- and Inter-UI Understanding
- 2024V-Zen: Efficient GUI Understanding and Precise Grounding With A Novel Multimodal LLM