mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Multimodal Foundation Agent for Financial Trading: Tool-Augmented, Diversified, and Generalist

arXiv 2402.18485 ↗First posted 28 Feb 2024q-fin.TR cs.AIcited by 137

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Cited by 77 in LLM agents and tool use, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Financial trading is a crucial component of the markets, informed by a multimodal information landscape encompassing news, prices, and Kline charts, and encompasses diverse tasks such as quantitative trading and high-frequency trading with various assets. While advanced AI techniques like deep learning and reinforcement learning are extensively utilized in finance, their application in financial trading tasks often faces challenges due to inadequate handling of multimodal data and limited generalizability across various tasks. To address these challenges, we present FinAgent, a multimodal foundational agent with tool augmentation for financial trading. FinAgent's market intelligence module processes a diverse range of data-numerical, textual, and visual-to accurately analyze the financial market. Its unique dual-level reflection module not only enables rapid adaptation to market dynamics but also incorporates a diversified memory retrieval system, enhancing the agent's ability to learn from historical data and improve decision-making processes. The agent's emphasis on reasoning for actions fosters trust in its financial decisions. Moreover, FinAgent integrates established trading strategies and expert insights, ensuring that its trading approaches are both data-driven and rooted in sound financial principles. With comprehensive experiments on 6 financial datasets, including stocks and Crypto, FinAgent significantly outperforms 9 state-of-the-art baselines in terms of 6 financial metrics with over 36% average improvement on profit. Specifically, a 92.27% return (a 84.39% relative improvement) is achieved on one dataset. Notably, FinAgent is the first advanced multimodal foundation agent designed for financial trading tasks.

Key facts. Cited by 137 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 66 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Feb 2024.

Builds on

27 of 66 references.

References · 27

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
  2. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
  3. 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,304
  4. 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Toolscited by 4,072
  5. 2023Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behaviorcited by 3,500
  6. 2013Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 3,211
  7. 2017Billion-scale similarity search with GPUscited by 2,477
  8. 2019Optuna: A Next-generation Hyperparameter Optimization Frameworkcited by 2,455
  9. 2022Learn to Explain: Multimodal Reasoning via Thought Chains for Science Question Answeringcited by 1,881
  10. 2023MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contextscited by 1,582
  11. 2023BloombergGPT: A Large Language Model for Financecited by 923
  12. 2023MM-REACT: Prompting ChatGPT for Multimodal Reasoning and Actioncited by 511
15 more
  1. 2023AppAgent: Multimodal Agents as Smartphone Userscited by 407
  2. 2022Dynamic Prompt Learning via Policy Gradient for Semi-structured Mathematical Reasoningcited by 347
  3. 2023Auto-GPT for Online Decision Making: Benchmarks and Additional Opinionscited by 250
  4. 2023TheoremQA: A Theorem-driven Question Answering datasetcited by 189
  5. 2023FinMem: A Performance-Enhanced LLM Trading Agent with Layered Memory and Character Designcited by 163
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  7. 2018Temporal Relational Ranking for Stock Predictioncited by 100
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  11. 2020Reinforcement-Learning based Portfolio Management with Augmented Asset Movement Prediction Statescited by 55
  12. 2023Pangu-Agent: A Fine-Tunable Generalist Agent with Structured Reasoningcited by 30
  13. 2020Deep Stock Trading: A Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Framework for Portfolio Optimization and Order Executioncited by 20
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  15. 2023PRUDEX-Compass: Towards Systematic Evaluation of Reinforcement Learning in Financial Marketscited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 16; 2025: 57; 2026: 64.

137 papers.

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  1. 2025Memory in the Age of AI Agentscited by 285
  2. 2024Tool Learning with Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 221
  3. 2024TradingAgents: Multi-Agents LLM Financial Trading Frameworkcited by 182
  4. 2024FinCon: A Synthesized LLM Multi-Agent System with Conceptual Verbal Reinforcement for Enhanced Financial Decision Makingcited by 112
  5. 2025A Survey of Frontiers in LLM Reasoning: Inference Scaling, Learning to Reason, and Agentic Systemscited by 108
  6. 2025Agentic Large Language Models, a surveycited by 105
  7. 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for Financial Applications: Progress, Prospects and Challengescited by 86
  8. 2025Fin-R1: A Large Language Model for Financial Reasoning through Reinforcement Learningcited by 82
  9. 2024INVESTORBENCH: A Benchmark for Financial Decision-Making Tasks with LLM-based Agentcited by 62
  10. 2024Large Language Model Agent in Financial Trading: A Surveycited by 60
  11. 2025A Survey on the Optimization of Large Language Model-based Agentscited by 45
  12. 2024FinRobot: An Open-Source AI Agent Platform for Financial Applications using Large Language Modelscited by 39
38 more
  1. 2025R&D-Agent-Quant: A Multi-Agent Framework for Data-Centric Factors and Model Joint Optimizationcited by 39
  2. 2025A Survey of Large Language Model Empowered Agents for Recommendation and Search: Towards Next-Generation Information Retrievalcited by 31
  3. 2024When AI Meets Finance (StockAgent): Large Language Model-based Stock Trading in Simulated Real-world Environmentscited by 25
  4. 2025HedgeAgents: A Balanced-aware Multi-agent Financial Trading Systemcited by 24
  5. 2025FLAG-Trader: Fusion LLM-Agent with Gradient-based Reinforcement Learning for Financial Tradingcited by 23
  6. 2025FinTSB: A Comprehensive and Practical Benchmark for Financial Time Series Forecastingcited by 23
  7. 2025LLM-Powered AI Agent Systems and Their Applications in Industrycited by 22
  8. 2026Graph-based Agent Memory: Taxonomy, Techniques, and Applicationscited by 22
  9. 2024Automate Strategy Finding with LLM in Quant Investmentcited by 21
  10. 2025Time Travel is Cheating: Going Live with DeepFund for Real-Time Fund Investment Benchmarkingcited by 21
  11. 2025A Survey of Reasoning and Agentic Systems in Time Series with Large Language Modelscited by 21
  12. 2025How Can Time Series Analysis Benefit From Multiple Modalities? A Survey and Outlookcited by 20
  13. 2025Beyond the Final Answer: Evaluating the Reasoning Trajectories of Tool-Augmented Agentscited by 20
  14. 2026RealMem: Benchmarking LLMs in Real-World Memory-Driven Interactioncited by 20
  15. 2025Can LLM-based Financial Investing Strategies Outperform the Market in Long Run?cited by 19
  16. 2025Talk Structurally, Act Hierarchically: A Collaborative Framework for LLM Multi-Agent Systemscited by 17
  17. 2025Automatic Red Teaming LLM-based Agents with Model Context Protocol Toolscited by 17
  18. 2025Your AI, Not Your View: The Bias of LLMs in Investment Analysiscited by 16
  19. 2024ERAGent: Enhancing Retrieval-Augmented Language Models with Improved Accuracy, Efficiency, and Personalizationcited by 15
  20. 2025AlphaAgents: Large Language Model based Multi-Agents for Equity Portfolio Constructionscited by 15
  21. 2025Trading-R1: Financial Trading with LLM Reasoning via Reinforcement Learningcited by 14
  22. 2025RTBAgent: A LLM-based Agent System for Real-Time Biddingcited by 13
  23. 2025Standard Benchmarks Fail -- Auditing LLM Agents in Finance Must Prioritize Riskcited by 13
  24. 2025Profit Mirage: Revisiting Information Leakage in LLM-based Financial Agentscited by 13
  25. 2025LiveTradeBench: Seeking Real-World Alpha with Large Language Modelscited by 13
  26. 2025Agentic AI Systems Applied to tasks in Financial Services: Modeling and model risk management crewscited by 12
  27. 2026QuantaAlpha: An Evolutionary Framework for LLM-Driven Alpha Miningcited by 12
  28. 2024FinRobot: AI Agent for Equity Research and Valuation with Large Language Modelscited by 10
  29. 2025Prompt Stability Matters: Evaluating and Optimizing Auto-Generated Prompt in General-Purpose Systemscited by 10
  30. 2025MASS: Muli-agent simulation scaling for portfolio constructioncited by 9
  31. 2025Win Fast or Lose Slow: Balancing Speed and Accuracy in Latency-Sensitive Decisions of LLMscited by 9
  32. 2026RealFin: How Well Do LLMs Reason About Finance When Users Leave Things Unsaid?cited by 9
  33. 2025EconWebArena: Benchmarking Autonomous Agents on Economic Tasks in Realistic Web Environmentscited by 8
  34. 2025ContestTrade: A Multi-Agent Trading System Based on Internal Contest Mechanismcited by 8
  35. 2025TradingGroup: A Multi-Agent Trading System with Self-Reflection and Data-Synthesiscited by 8
  36. 2026Toward Expert Investment Teams:A Multi-Agent LLM System with Fine-Grained Trading Taskscited by 7
  37. 2026Agentic Trading: When LLM Agents Meet Financial Marketscited by 7
  38. 2026From Knowing to Doing: A Memory-Controlled Benchmark for LLM Trading Agents on Stock Marketscited by 7

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