A Multimodal Foundation Agent for Financial Trading: Tool-Augmented, Diversified, and Generalist
Not on the map. Why?
Cited by 77 in LLM agents and tool use, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.
Abstract (arXiv)
Financial trading is a crucial component of the markets, informed by a multimodal information landscape encompassing news, prices, and Kline charts, and encompasses diverse tasks such as quantitative trading and high-frequency trading with various assets. While advanced AI techniques like deep learning and reinforcement learning are extensively utilized in finance, their application in financial trading tasks often faces challenges due to inadequate handling of multimodal data and limited generalizability across various tasks. To address these challenges, we present FinAgent, a multimodal foundational agent with tool augmentation for financial trading. FinAgent's market intelligence module processes a diverse range of data-numerical, textual, and visual-to accurately analyze the financial market. Its unique dual-level reflection module not only enables rapid adaptation to market dynamics but also incorporates a diversified memory retrieval system, enhancing the agent's ability to learn from historical data and improve decision-making processes. The agent's emphasis on reasoning for actions fosters trust in its financial decisions. Moreover, FinAgent integrates established trading strategies and expert insights, ensuring that its trading approaches are both data-driven and rooted in sound financial principles. With comprehensive experiments on 6 financial datasets, including stocks and Crypto, FinAgent significantly outperforms 9 state-of-the-art baselines in terms of 6 financial metrics with over 36% average improvement on profit. Specifically, a 92.27% return (a 84.39% relative improvement) is achieved on one dataset. Notably, FinAgent is the first advanced multimodal foundation agent designed for financial trading tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 137 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 66 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Feb 2024.
Builds on
27 of 66 references.
References · 27
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
- 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,304
- 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Toolscited by 4,072
- 2023Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behaviorcited by 3,500
- 2013Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 3,211
- 2017Billion-scale similarity search with GPUscited by 2,477
- 2019Optuna: A Next-generation Hyperparameter Optimization Frameworkcited by 2,455
- 2022Learn to Explain: Multimodal Reasoning via Thought Chains for Science Question Answeringcited by 1,881
- 2023MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contextscited by 1,582
- 2023BloombergGPT: A Large Language Model for Financecited by 923
- 2023MM-REACT: Prompting ChatGPT for Multimodal Reasoning and Actioncited by 511
15 more
- 2023AppAgent: Multimodal Agents as Smartphone Userscited by 407
- 2022Dynamic Prompt Learning via Policy Gradient for Semi-structured Mathematical Reasoningcited by 347
- 2023Auto-GPT for Online Decision Making: Benchmarks and Additional Opinionscited by 250
- 2023TheoremQA: A Theorem-driven Question Answering datasetcited by 189
- 2023FinMem: A Performance-Enhanced LLM Trading Agent with Layered Memory and Character Designcited by 163
- 2023SciEval: A Multi-Level Large Language Model Evaluation Benchmark for Scientific Researchcited by 112
- 2018Temporal Relational Ranking for Stock Predictioncited by 100
- 2020FinRL: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Library for Automated Stock Trading in Quantitative Financecited by 86
- 2020Qlib: An AI-oriented Quantitative Investment Platformcited by 77
- 2017Listening to Chaotic Whispers: A Deep Learning Framework for News-oriented Stock Trend Predictioncited by 60
- 2020Reinforcement-Learning based Portfolio Management with Augmented Asset Movement Prediction Statescited by 55
- 2023Pangu-Agent: A Fine-Tunable Generalist Agent with Structured Reasoningcited by 30
- 2020Deep Stock Trading: A Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Framework for Portfolio Optimization and Order Executioncited by 20
- 2021CLVSA: A Convolutional LSTM Based Variational Sequence-to-Sequence Model with Attention for Predicting Trends of Financial Marketscited by 15
- 2023PRUDEX-Compass: Towards Systematic Evaluation of Reinforcement Learning in Financial Marketscited by 5
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 16; 2025: 57; 2026: 64.
137 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2025Memory in the Age of AI Agentscited by 285
- 2024Tool Learning with Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 221
- 2024TradingAgents: Multi-Agents LLM Financial Trading Frameworkcited by 182
- 2024FinCon: A Synthesized LLM Multi-Agent System with Conceptual Verbal Reinforcement for Enhanced Financial Decision Makingcited by 112
- 2025A Survey of Frontiers in LLM Reasoning: Inference Scaling, Learning to Reason, and Agentic Systemscited by 108
- 2025Agentic Large Language Models, a surveycited by 105
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for Financial Applications: Progress, Prospects and Challengescited by 86
- 2025Fin-R1: A Large Language Model for Financial Reasoning through Reinforcement Learningcited by 82
- 2024INVESTORBENCH: A Benchmark for Financial Decision-Making Tasks with LLM-based Agentcited by 62
- 2024Large Language Model Agent in Financial Trading: A Surveycited by 60
- 2025A Survey on the Optimization of Large Language Model-based Agentscited by 45
- 2024FinRobot: An Open-Source AI Agent Platform for Financial Applications using Large Language Modelscited by 39
38 more
- 2025R&D-Agent-Quant: A Multi-Agent Framework for Data-Centric Factors and Model Joint Optimizationcited by 39
- 2025A Survey of Large Language Model Empowered Agents for Recommendation and Search: Towards Next-Generation Information Retrievalcited by 31
- 2024When AI Meets Finance (StockAgent): Large Language Model-based Stock Trading in Simulated Real-world Environmentscited by 25
- 2025HedgeAgents: A Balanced-aware Multi-agent Financial Trading Systemcited by 24
- 2025FLAG-Trader: Fusion LLM-Agent with Gradient-based Reinforcement Learning for Financial Tradingcited by 23
- 2025FinTSB: A Comprehensive and Practical Benchmark for Financial Time Series Forecastingcited by 23
- 2025LLM-Powered AI Agent Systems and Their Applications in Industrycited by 22
- 2026Graph-based Agent Memory: Taxonomy, Techniques, and Applicationscited by 22
- 2024Automate Strategy Finding with LLM in Quant Investmentcited by 21
- 2025Time Travel is Cheating: Going Live with DeepFund for Real-Time Fund Investment Benchmarkingcited by 21
- 2025A Survey of Reasoning and Agentic Systems in Time Series with Large Language Modelscited by 21
- 2025How Can Time Series Analysis Benefit From Multiple Modalities? A Survey and Outlookcited by 20
- 2025Beyond the Final Answer: Evaluating the Reasoning Trajectories of Tool-Augmented Agentscited by 20
- 2026RealMem: Benchmarking LLMs in Real-World Memory-Driven Interactioncited by 20
- 2025Can LLM-based Financial Investing Strategies Outperform the Market in Long Run?cited by 19
- 2025Talk Structurally, Act Hierarchically: A Collaborative Framework for LLM Multi-Agent Systemscited by 17
- 2025Automatic Red Teaming LLM-based Agents with Model Context Protocol Toolscited by 17
- 2025Your AI, Not Your View: The Bias of LLMs in Investment Analysiscited by 16
- 2024ERAGent: Enhancing Retrieval-Augmented Language Models with Improved Accuracy, Efficiency, and Personalizationcited by 15
- 2025AlphaAgents: Large Language Model based Multi-Agents for Equity Portfolio Constructionscited by 15
- 2025Trading-R1: Financial Trading with LLM Reasoning via Reinforcement Learningcited by 14
- 2025RTBAgent: A LLM-based Agent System for Real-Time Biddingcited by 13
- 2025Standard Benchmarks Fail -- Auditing LLM Agents in Finance Must Prioritize Riskcited by 13
- 2025Profit Mirage: Revisiting Information Leakage in LLM-based Financial Agentscited by 13
- 2025LiveTradeBench: Seeking Real-World Alpha with Large Language Modelscited by 13
- 2025Agentic AI Systems Applied to tasks in Financial Services: Modeling and model risk management crewscited by 12
- 2026QuantaAlpha: An Evolutionary Framework for LLM-Driven Alpha Miningcited by 12
- 2024FinRobot: AI Agent for Equity Research and Valuation with Large Language Modelscited by 10
- 2025Prompt Stability Matters: Evaluating and Optimizing Auto-Generated Prompt in General-Purpose Systemscited by 10
- 2025MASS: Muli-agent simulation scaling for portfolio constructioncited by 9
- 2025Win Fast or Lose Slow: Balancing Speed and Accuracy in Latency-Sensitive Decisions of LLMscited by 9
- 2026RealFin: How Well Do LLMs Reason About Finance When Users Leave Things Unsaid?cited by 9
- 2025EconWebArena: Benchmarking Autonomous Agents on Economic Tasks in Realistic Web Environmentscited by 8
- 2025ContestTrade: A Multi-Agent Trading System Based on Internal Contest Mechanismcited by 8
- 2025TradingGroup: A Multi-Agent Trading System with Self-Reflection and Data-Synthesiscited by 8
- 2026Toward Expert Investment Teams:A Multi-Agent LLM System with Fine-Grained Trading Taskscited by 7
- 2026Agentic Trading: When LLM Agents Meet Financial Marketscited by 7
- 2026From Knowing to Doing: A Memory-Controlled Benchmark for LLM Trading Agents on Stock Marketscited by 7
50 most cited of 137 All 137 (JSON)
- 2026LiveMACE: Process-Aware Evaluation of LLM Agent Capabilities in Evolving Markets7 Oct 2026
- 2026Can AI Make Money in Crypto? Measuring the Gap from Backtests to Real Markets28 Sep 2026
- 2026Financial Fragility in Societies of LLM Agents: Coordination Failures and Stabilizing Mechanisms25 Sep 2026
- 2026The Price of Thought: Does Test-Time Reasoning Pay in LLM Trading?25 Sep 2026
- 2026Agent Memory with Episodic Retrieval for Financial Decision-Making23 Sep 2026
- 2026SoK: Trading Agents or Market Crashers? Dissecting Robustness and Security Failures in Academic Financial LLM Trading Schemes17 Sep 2026
- 2026EvolveTrade: Experience-Driven Policy Refinement for Self-Evolving LLM Trading Agents15 Sep 2026
- 2026BusMA: A Bus Communication Substrate for Multi-Agent Systems14 Sep 2026
- 2026VST: Verifiable Structured Transport for Auditable Agent-to-Agent Alpha Discovery7 Sep 2026
- 2026STQA: A Benchmark for Stock-Focused Tabular Question Answering over Historical and Forecasted Data5 Sep 2026
- 2026Artificial Intelligence in Equity and Crypto Markets: Progress, Profitability Evidence, and the Limits of Automated Investing4 Sep 2026
- 2026FORESIGHT-9: Prospective and Process-Aware Evaluation of Adaptive Trading Agents29 Aug 2026
38 more
- 2026DSA: Evidence-Aware LLM-Agent Orchestration for Multi-Market Stock Research27 Aug 2026
- 2026LLM Agents for Time-Series: A Survey26 Aug 2026
- 2026Poisoning Agentic Alpha: Adversarial Vulnerabilities Across Roles and Architectures in Multi-Agent Trading Systems25 Aug 2026
- 2026LLM-based Agents for Forecasting and Prediction: Methods, Training, Evaluation, and Applications24 Aug 2026
- 2026Persuasive and Compliant Tendencies Predict Group Decision-Making in Humans and Language Models8 Aug 2026
- 2026F2Agent: Financial Fusion of Agentic Intelligence for Multimodal Trading6 Aug 2026
- 2026Learning What to Remember and What to Internalize in LLM Self-Evolution via Adaptive Memory-Parameter Coordination2 Aug 2026
- 2026ShiJianBench: From Dialogue to Decision for Long-Horizon Evaluation of Investment Advisors2 Aug 2026
- 2026Backtrader-Bench: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Algorithmic Trading with Self-Generated MCQs31 Jul 2026
- 2026Hybrid Analysis for Secure MCP Tool Use in LLM Agents28 Jul 2026
- 2026Agents in the Wild: Where Research Meets Deployment21 Jul 2026
- 2026Analogical Deep Research: Retrieving and Integrating Historical Analogies for Foresight Analysis15 Jul 2026
- 2026EVOQUANT: Self-Evolving Verifier-Guided Strategy Optimization for Robust Quantitative Trading14 Jul 2026
- 2026CSTrader: A Testbed for Language-Grounded Trading in a Community-Driven Virtual Asset Market30 Jun 2026
- 2026OpenFinGym: A Verifiable Multi-Task Gym Environment for Evaluating Quant Agents24 Jun 2026
- 2026AlgoEvolve: LLM-driven Meta-evolution of Algorithmic Trading Programs24 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond Agent Architecture: Execution Assumptions and Reproducibility in LLM-Based Trading Systems6 Jun 2026
- 2026PandaAI: A Practical Agent CQ2 for Neuro-symbolic Data Analysis And Integrated Decision-Making in Quantitative Finance5 Jun 2026
- 2026Are Large Language Models Reliable Reviewers? A Benchmark for Error Detection in Financial Documents3 Jun 2026
- 2026FinGuard: Detecting Financial Regulatory Non-Compliance in LLM Interactions28 May 2026
- 2026From Knowing to Doing: A Memory-Controlled Benchmark for LLM Trading Agents on Stock Markets27 May 2026
- 2026PortBench: A Correlation-Aware, Full-Pipeline Benchmark for LLM-Driven Portfolio Management27 May 2026
- 2026FundaPod: A Multi-Persona Agent Pod Architecture with Knowledge Graph Memory for AI-Assisted Fundamental Investment Research27 May 2026
- 2026Summoning the Oracle to Slay It: Mitigating Look-Ahead Bias in Financial Backtesting with Large Language Models23 May 2026
- 2026Market Regime Council for Dynamic Credit Assignment in Multi-Agent LLM Decision Systems23 May 2026
- 2026An Interactive Paradigm for Deep Research22 May 2026
- 2026AgroTools: A Benchmark for Tool-Augmented Multimodal Agents in Agriculture21 May 2026
- 2026Agentic Trading: When LLM Agents Meet Financial Markets19 May 2026
- 2026Agent Bazaar: Enabling Economic Alignment in Multi-Agent Marketplaces17 May 2026
- 2026The Alpha Illusion: Reported Alpha from LLM Trading Agents Should Not Be Treated as Deployment Evidence16 May 2026
- 2026SHARP: A Self-Evolving Human-Auditable Rubric Policy for Financial Trading Agents7 May 2026
- 2026AgenticAITA: A Proof-Of-Concept About Deliberative Multi-Agent Reasoning for Autonomous Trading Systems1 May 2026
- 2026MultiHedge: Adaptive Coordination via Retrieval-Augmented Control27 Apr 2026
- 2026A Review of Large Language Models for Stock Price Forecasting from a Hedge-Fund Perspective10 Apr 2026
- 2026The Self Driving Portfolio: Agentic Architecture for Institutional Asset Management2 Apr 2026
- 2026Toward Reliable Evaluation of LLM-Based Financial Multi-Agent Systems: Taxonomy, Coordination Primacy, and Cost Awareness29 Mar 2026
- 2026TrustTrade: Human-Inspired Selective Consensus Reduces Decision Uncertainty in LLM Trading Agents23 Mar 2026
- 2026Access Controlled Website Interaction for Agentic AI with Delegated Critical Tasks18 Mar 2026
50 newest of 137 All 137 (JSON)
- 2025Memory in the Age of AI Agentscited by 285
- 2024Tool Learning with Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 221
- 2024TradingAgents: Multi-Agents LLM Financial Trading Frameworkcited by 182
- 2024FinCon: A Synthesized LLM Multi-Agent System with Conceptual Verbal Reinforcement for Enhanced Financial Decision Makingcited by 112
- 2025Agentic Large Language Models, a surveycited by 105
- 2024INVESTORBENCH: A Benchmark for Financial Decision-Making Tasks with LLM-based Agentcited by 62
- 2024Large Language Model Agent in Financial Trading: A Surveycited by 60
- 2025A Survey on the Optimization of Large Language Model-based Agentscited by 45
- 2024FinRobot: An Open-Source AI Agent Platform for Financial Applications using Large Language Modelscited by 39
- 2025R&D-Agent-Quant: A Multi-Agent Framework for Data-Centric Factors and Model Joint Optimizationcited by 39
- 2025A Survey of Large Language Model Empowered Agents for Recommendation and Search: Towards Next-Generation Information Retrievalcited by 31
- 2025HedgeAgents: A Balanced-aware Multi-agent Financial Trading Systemcited by 24
12 most cited of 71 All 71 (JSON)
- 2026LiveMACE: Process-Aware Evaluation of LLM Agent Capabilities in Evolving Markets7 Oct 2026
- 2026Financial Fragility in Societies of LLM Agents: Coordination Failures and Stabilizing Mechanisms25 Sep 2026
- 2026Agent Memory with Episodic Retrieval for Financial Decision-Making23 Sep 2026
- 2026SoK: Trading Agents or Market Crashers? Dissecting Robustness and Security Failures in Academic Financial LLM Trading Schemes17 Sep 2026
- 2026EvolveTrade: Experience-Driven Policy Refinement for Self-Evolving LLM Trading Agents15 Sep 2026
- 2026BusMA: A Bus Communication Substrate for Multi-Agent Systems14 Sep 2026
- 2026VST: Verifiable Structured Transport for Auditable Agent-to-Agent Alpha Discovery7 Sep 2026
- 2026DSA: Evidence-Aware LLM-Agent Orchestration for Multi-Market Stock Research27 Aug 2026
- 2026LLM Agents for Time-Series: A Survey26 Aug 2026
- 2026Poisoning Agentic Alpha: Adversarial Vulnerabilities Across Roles and Architectures in Multi-Agent Trading Systems25 Aug 2026
- 2026LLM-based Agents for Forecasting and Prediction: Methods, Training, Evaluation, and Applications24 Aug 2026
- 2026F2Agent: Financial Fusion of Agentic Intelligence for Multimodal Trading6 Aug 2026
12 newest of 71 All 71 (JSON)
- 2025A Survey of Frontiers in LLM Reasoning: Inference Scaling, Learning to Reason, and Agentic Systemscited by 108
- 2025Fin-R1: A Large Language Model for Financial Reasoning through Reinforcement Learningcited by 82
- 2025FLAG-Trader: Fusion LLM-Agent with Gradient-based Reinforcement Learning for Financial Tradingcited by 23
- 2025A Survey of Reasoning and Agentic Systems in Time Series with Large Language Modelscited by 21
- 2025Beyond the Final Answer: Evaluating the Reasoning Trajectories of Tool-Augmented Agentscited by 20
- 2025Trading-R1: Financial Trading with LLM Reasoning via Reinforcement Learningcited by 14
- 2025LiveTradeBench: Seeking Real-World Alpha with Large Language Modelscited by 13
- 2025Alpha-R1: Alpha Screening with LLM Reasoning via Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
- 2026AgenticAITA: A Proof-Of-Concept About Deliberative Multi-Agent Reasoning for Autonomous Trading Systemscited by 1
- 2025H3M-SSMoEs: Hypergraph-based Multimodal Learning with LLM Reasoning and Style-Structured Mixture of Expertscited by 0
- 2026UniFinEval: Towards Unified Evaluation of Financial Multimodal Models across Text, Images and Videoscited by 0
- 2026Agents in the Wild: Where Research Meets Deploymentcited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026The Price of Thought: Does Test-Time Reasoning Pay in LLM Trading?25 Sep 2026
- 2026Agents in the Wild: Where Research Meets Deployment21 Jul 2026
- 2026AgenticAITA: A Proof-Of-Concept About Deliberative Multi-Agent Reasoning for Autonomous Trading Systems1 May 2026
- 2026UniFinEval: Towards Unified Evaluation of Financial Multimodal Models across Text, Images and Videos9 Jan 2026
- 2025Alpha-R1: Alpha Screening with LLM Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning29 Dec 2025
- 2025LiveTradeBench: Seeking Real-World Alpha with Large Language Models5 Nov 2025
- 2025H3M-SSMoEs: Hypergraph-based Multimodal Learning with LLM Reasoning and Style-Structured Mixture of Experts29 Oct 2025
- 2025Beyond the Final Answer: Evaluating the Reasoning Trajectories of Tool-Augmented Agents3 Oct 2025
- 2025A Survey of Reasoning and Agentic Systems in Time Series with Large Language Models15 Sep 2025
- 2025Trading-R1: Financial Trading with LLM Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning14 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey of Frontiers in LLM Reasoning: Inference Scaling, Learning to Reason, and Agentic Systems12 Apr 2025
- 2025Fin-R1: A Large Language Model for Financial Reasoning through Reinforcement Learning20 Mar 2025
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for Financial Applications: Progress, Prospects and Challengescited by 86
- 2024When AI Meets Finance (StockAgent): Large Language Model-based Stock Trading in Simulated Real-world Environmentscited by 25
- 2025FinTSB: A Comprehensive and Practical Benchmark for Financial Time Series Forecastingcited by 23
- 2024Automate Strategy Finding with LLM in Quant Investmentcited by 21
- 2025Time Travel is Cheating: Going Live with DeepFund for Real-Time Fund Investment Benchmarkingcited by 21
- 2025How Can Time Series Analysis Benefit From Multiple Modalities? A Survey and Outlookcited by 20
- 2026RealMem: Benchmarking LLMs in Real-World Memory-Driven Interactioncited by 20
- 2025Can LLM-based Financial Investing Strategies Outperform the Market in Long Run?cited by 19
- 2025Your AI, Not Your View: The Bias of LLMs in Investment Analysiscited by 16
- 2026QuantaAlpha: An Evolutionary Framework for LLM-Driven Alpha Miningcited by 12
- 2024FinRobot: AI Agent for Equity Research and Valuation with Large Language Modelscited by 10
- 2025Prompt Stability Matters: Evaluating and Optimizing Auto-Generated Prompt in General-Purpose Systemscited by 10
12 most cited of 49 All 49 (JSON)
- 2026Can AI Make Money in Crypto? Measuring the Gap from Backtests to Real Markets28 Sep 2026
- 2026STQA: A Benchmark for Stock-Focused Tabular Question Answering over Historical and Forecasted Data5 Sep 2026
- 2026Artificial Intelligence in Equity and Crypto Markets: Progress, Profitability Evidence, and the Limits of Automated Investing4 Sep 2026
- 2026FORESIGHT-9: Prospective and Process-Aware Evaluation of Adaptive Trading Agents29 Aug 2026
- 2026Persuasive and Compliant Tendencies Predict Group Decision-Making in Humans and Language Models8 Aug 2026
- 2026ShiJianBench: From Dialogue to Decision for Long-Horizon Evaluation of Investment Advisors2 Aug 2026
- 2026CSTrader: A Testbed for Language-Grounded Trading in a Community-Driven Virtual Asset Market30 Jun 2026
- 2026AlgoEvolve: LLM-driven Meta-evolution of Algorithmic Trading Programs24 Jun 2026
- 2026Are Large Language Models Reliable Reviewers? A Benchmark for Error Detection in Financial Documents3 Jun 2026
- 2026FinGuard: Detecting Financial Regulatory Non-Compliance in LLM Interactions28 May 2026
- 2026PortBench: A Correlation-Aware, Full-Pipeline Benchmark for LLM-Driven Portfolio Management27 May 2026
- 2026Summoning the Oracle to Slay It: Mitigating Look-Ahead Bias in Financial Backtesting with Large Language Models23 May 2026
12 newest of 49 All 49 (JSON)